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@ARTICLE{Kruse:905148,
      author       = {Kruse, Christopher G. and Joan Alexander, M. and Hoffmann,
                      Lars and Niekerk, Annelize van and Polichtchouk, Inna and
                      Bacmeister, Julio T. and Holt, Laura and Plougonven, Riwal
                      and Šácha, Petr and Wright, Corwin and Sato, Kaoru and
                      Shibuya, Ryosuke and Gisinger, Sonja and Ern, Manfred and
                      Meyer, Catrin and Stein, Olaf},
      title        = {{O}bserved and {M}odeled {M}ountain {W}aves from the
                      {S}urface to the {M}esosphere {N}ear the {D}rake {P}assage},
      journal      = {Journal of the atmospheric sciences},
      volume       = {79},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0022-4928},
      address      = {Boston, Mass.},
      publisher    = {American Meteorological Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-00440},
      pages        = {909–932},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Four state-of-the-science numerical weather prediction
                      (NWP) models were used to perform mountain wave- (MW)
                      resolving hind-casts over the Drake Passage of a 10-day
                      period in 2010 with numerous observed MW cases. The
                      Integrated Forecast System (IFS) and the Icosahedral
                      Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model were run at Δx ≈ 9 and 13 km
                      globally. TheWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model
                      and the Met Office Unified Model (UM) were both configured
                      with a Δx = 3 km regional domain. All domains had tops near
                      1 Pa (z ≈ 80 km). These deep domains allowed quantitative
                      validation against Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS)
                      observations, accounting for observation time, viewing
                      geometry, and radiative transfer.All models reproduced
                      observed middle-atmosphere MWs with remarkable skill.
                      Increased horizontal resolution improved validations. Still,
                      all models underrepresented observed MW amplitudes, even
                      after accounting for model effective resolution and
                      instrument noise, suggesting even at Δx ≈ 3 km
                      resolution, small-scale MWs are under-resolved and/or
                      over-diffused. MWdrag parameterizations are still necessary
                      in NWP models at current operational resolutions of Δx ≈
                      10 km. Upper GW sponge layers in the operationally
                      configured models significantly, artificially reduced MW
                      amplitudes in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere. In the
                      IFS, parameterized GW drags partly compensated this
                      deficiency, but still, total drags were ≈ 6 time smaller
                      than that resolved at Δx ≈ 3 km. Meridionally propagating
                      MWs significantly enhance zonal drag over the Drake Passage.
                      Interestingly, drag associated with meridional fluxes of
                      zonal momentum (i.e. u'v') were important; not accounting
                      for these terms results in a drag in the wrong direction at
                      and below the polar night jet.},
      cin          = {IEK-7 / JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / 2112 - Climate
                      Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000808410000001},
      doi          = {10.1175/JAS-D-21-0252.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/905148},
}