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@ARTICLE{Molaei:905152,
      author       = {Molaei, Behnaz and Chandel, Abhilash and Peters, R. Troy
                      and Khot, Lav R. and Quiros, Juan},
      title        = {{I}nvestigating lodging in spearmint with overhead
                      sprinklers compared to drag hoses using entropy values from
                      low altitude {RGB}-imagery},
      journal      = {Information Processing in Agriculture},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2214-3173},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-00444},
      pages        = {335-341},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Lodging occurs when the crop canopy is too heavy for the
                      strength of the stem and it falls over onto the ground. This
                      decreases crop yield and quality, and it makes harvest
                      difficult. A research experiment was set up in a spearmint
                      field on a center pivot with mid elevation spray application
                      (MESA) overhead sprinklers, where the water was applied from
                      a “mid elevation” of 2 m above the ground level (AGL),
                      and low elevation precision application (LEPA) sprinklers,
                      where the water was emitted directly onto the soil surface
                      through drag hoses without wetting the crop canopy.
                      Every-other span of this full-size center pivot was
                      configured with MESA and LEPA sprinklers alternatively. In
                      2018, imagery was collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle
                      (UAV) from a cross section of this field. In 2019, a cross
                      section was again collected, but in addition UAV imagery was
                      collected from marked lodged and un-lodged areas of the
                      field to validate the lodging detection method. These
                      UAV-based imagery data were captured with a ground sample
                      distance (GSD) of 0.03 m. This research introduces using the
                      texture feature, which is based on image entropy, was used
                      to evaluate the degree of lodging. The results from 2018
                      showed that the average entropy of the grayscale image from
                      LEPA (5.5 (mean) ± 0.27 (standard deviation)) was
                      significantly (P < 0.0001) greater than the average entropy
                      (5.0 ± 0.25) of MESA. Also, the entropy value extracted
                      from the images in 2019 from the marked un-lodged locations
                      were significantly higher compared to that of the lodged
                      areas. Overall, the LEPA irrigation treatment was
                      significantly less lodged compared to MESA. Moreover, the
                      entropy value, or texture feature, is a viable method for
                      estimating lodging using low altitude RGB imagery.},
      cin          = {IBG-2},
      ddc          = {630},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001103048900014},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.inpa.2021.02.003},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/905152},
}