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@ARTICLE{Pauli:905221,
      author       = {Pauli, Ruth and Kohls, Gregor and Tino, Peter and Rogers,
                      Jack C. and Baumann, Sarah and Ackermann, Katharina and
                      Bernhard, Anka and Martinelli, Anne and Jansen, Lucres and
                      Oldenhof, Helena and Gonzalez-Madruga, Karen and Smaragdi,
                      Areti and Gonzalez-Torres, Miguel Angel and
                      Kerexeta-Lizeaga, Iñaki and Boonmann, Cyril and Kersten,
                      Linda and Bigorra, Aitana and Hervas, Amaia and Stadler,
                      Christina and Fernandez-Rivas, Aranzazu and Popma, Arne and
                      Konrad, Kerstin and Herpertz-Dahlmann, Beate and Fairchild,
                      Graeme and Freitag, Christine M. and Rotshtein, Pia and De
                      Brito, Stephane A.},
      title        = {{M}achine learning classification of conduct disorder with
                      high versus low levels of callous-unemotional traits based
                      on facial emotion recognition abilities},
      journal      = {European child $\&$ adolescent psychiatry},
      volume       = {2021},
      issn         = {1018-8827},
      address      = {Heidelberg},
      publisher    = {Springer},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-00504},
      pages        = {},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Conduct disorder (CD) with high levels of
                      callous-unemotional traits (CD/HCU) has been theoretically
                      linked to specific difficulties with fear and sadness
                      recognition, in contrast to CD with low levels of
                      callous-unemotional traits (CD/LCU). However, experimental
                      evidence for this distinction is mixed, and it is unclear
                      whether these difficulties are a reliable marker of CD/HCU
                      compared to CD/LCU. In a large sample (N = 1263, 9–18
                      years), we combined univariate analyses and machine learning
                      classifiers to investigate whether CD/HCU is associated with
                      disproportionate difficulties with fear and sadness
                      recognition over other emotions, and whether such
                      difficulties are a reliable individual-level marker of
                      CD/HCU. We observed similar emotion recognition abilities in
                      CD/HCU and CD/LCU. The CD/HCU group underperformed relative
                      to typically developing (TD) youths, but difficulties were
                      not specific to fear or sadness. Classifiers did not
                      distinguish between youths with CD/HCU versus CD/LCU $(52\%$
                      accuracy), although youths with CD/HCU and CD/LCU were
                      reliably distinguished from TD youths $(64\%$ and $60\%,$
                      respectively). In the subset of classifiers that performed
                      well for youths with CD/HCU, fear and sadness were the most
                      relevant emotions for distinguishing them from youths with
                      CD/LCU and TD youths, respectively. We conclude that
                      non-specific emotion recognition difficulties are common in
                      CD/HCU, but are not reliable individual-level markers of
                      CD/HCU versus CD/LCU. These findings highlight that a
                      reduced ability to recognise facial expressions of distress
                      should not be assumed to be a core feature of CD/HCU.},
      cin          = {INM-11},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-11-20170113},
      pnm          = {5252 - Brain Dysfunction and Plasticity (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5252},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {34661765},
      UT           = {WOS:000708405100003},
      doi          = {10.1007/s00787-021-01893-5},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/905221},
}