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@INPROCEEDINGS{Brogi:905602,
      author       = {Brogi, Cosimo and Bogena, Heye and Pisinaras, Vassilios and
                      Panagopoulos, Andreas and Dombrowski, Olga and Jakobi,
                      Jannis and Chatzi, Anna and Ney, Patrizia},
      title        = {{M}onitoring soil water content and water potential
                      dynamics in irrigated apple orchards using cosmic-ray
                      neutron probes},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-00834},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {In the Mediterranean area, the agricultural sector often
                      relies on irrigation. Additional pressure on these
                      environments will come from the increasing occurrence of dry
                      years and of heat waves that are connected to climate
                      change. Thus, more efficient water management strategies
                      and, when possible, precision irrigation practices should be
                      implemented. So far, a wide range of soil moisture
                      sensor-based systems have been successfully used to monitor
                      soil water content (SWC) dynamics in agricultural contexts.
                      The relatively new, and non-invasive, technique cosmic-ray
                      neutron sensing (CRNS) relies on the negative correlation
                      between fast neutrons originating from cosmic radiation and
                      soil moisture content. It has the advantage of a large
                      footprint, covering the field-scale. Despite this, only few
                      studies explored the use of CRNS for irrigation management.
                      In this study, we examine how CRNS can provide insights in
                      the monitoring of irrigation and the associated fluctuations
                      in SWC dynamics and water potential. In September 2020, two
                      apple orchards of 1.2 and 1.3 ha in size and located in the
                      Pinios Hydrological Observatory (Greece) were provided with
                      an extensive instrumentation in the context of the
                      Agricultural Interoperability and Analysis Systems (ATLAS)
                      project. At each field, 12 SoilNet nodes measure volumetric
                      soil moisture at three depths (5, 20, and 50 cm) and water
                      potential at one depth (20 cm). Additionally, one Atmos41
                      compact climate station and a CRNS probe were placed in each
                      of the two orchards. All these instruments are equipped with
                      NB-IoT connections and transmit data in near-real time. The
                      irrigation of both fields is monitored using water meter
                      pumps equipped with a LoRaWan connection. Instrument
                      installation was preceded by geophysical surveys and by
                      extensive soil sampling and analysis. Moreover, soil samples
                      from 18 locations were collected per CRNS probe on the day
                      of installation to provide instrument calibration
                      information. However, additional calibration was required
                      due to temporary sensor failure and was performed using the
                      surrounding SoilNet nodes. During the subsequent months, the
                      CRNS probes generally showed good agreement with the SWC
                      measured by the SoilNet stations as well as a strong
                      response to precipitation events. Once the irrigation of the
                      apple orchards started in April 2021, it was found that
                      small and localized irrigation events were not featured in
                      the CRNS signal. However, when prominent irrigation events
                      started in May 2021, the CRNS probes showed good agreement
                      with the changes in SWC and in water potential measured with
                      the SoilNet nodes. Such agreement depended largely on the
                      timing of the irrigation event as well as on the CRNP
                      calibration strategy. These findings indicate the
                      possibility for using the CRNS technique as a tool for
                      precision irrigation.},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2021-10-05},
      organization  = {First OZCAR-TERENO International
                       Conference, Strasbourg (France), 5 Oct
                       2021 - 7 Oct 2021},
      subtyp        = {Other},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217) / ATLAS - Agricultural Interoperability and
                      Analysis System (857125)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173 / G:(EU-Grant)857125},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/905602},
}