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@PHDTHESIS{BartolomGarca:905740,
      author       = {Bartolomé García, Irene},
      title        = {{C}irrus clouds in the extratropical tropopause and
                      lowermost stratosphere region},
      volume       = {566},
      school       = {Bergische Universität Wuppertal},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-00964},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-610-6},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe. Energie
                      $\&$ Umwelt / Energy $\&$ Environment},
      pages        = {iii, 155 S.},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Diss., 2021},
      abstract     = {Cirrus clouds play a fundamental role in the radiative
                      balance of the Earth and have an important impact on the
                      climate. Their net effect depends on their physical
                      characteristics, i.e., altitude, vertical extent, optical
                      thickness and particle size. Quantifying the properties of
                      ice crystals from the observations is a very challenging
                      task. Consequently, models used for climate projections lack
                      observational constrains when predicting the processes
                      related to the evolution of cirrus and their properties. The
                      aim of this thesis was to gain a deeper understanding of
                      cirrus macro-physical properties (cloud top and bottom
                      height, vertical extent, position with respect to the
                      tropopause) and of the micro-physical properties (ice water
                      content (IWC), particle size). For this purpose, data
                      measured by GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observation for Radiance
                      Imaging of the Atmosphere) during the WISE (Wave-driven
                      ISentropic Exchange) campaign were analyzed. GLORIA is an
                      airborne limb remote sensor that measures radiance in the
                      thermal infrared region (700 cm$^{−1}$ to
                      1400cm$^{−1}$). Two identification methods were used to
                      detect clouds in the measurements. One method is based on
                      the cloud index (CI) and the other method, on the use of the
                      extinction coefficient in the spectral range 832cm$^{−1}$
                      to 834cm$^{−1}$. Between 13 – 27\% of the total number
                      of observations presented a cloud top located above the
                      tropopause(TP). However, no cirrus layers were found
                      unambiguously above the TP (i.e., both cloud top and cloud
                      bottom above the TP). To estimate the micro-physical
                      properties a combination of two approaches was used. The IWC
                      was then integrated to obtain the ice water path (IWP). The
                      IWP was compared to the ERA5-based dataset, giving
                      satisfactory results (qualitatively) and highlighting that
                      the ERA5 reanalysis does not reproduce most of the very thin
                      clouds close to the tropopause. Quantitatively, the
                      retrieved IWP was smaller than the ERA5-based IWP, pointing
                      to the need of reducing uncertainties to obtain a more
                      accurate product. Additionally, observed cloudy regions
                      close to the TP were selected as case studies to simulate
                      with CLaMS-Ice (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the
                      Stratosphere). The model was able to sucessfully form clouds
                      in the region of interest.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/905740},
}