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@ARTICLE{RydinGorjao:906203,
      author       = {Rydin Gorjao, Leonardo and Witthaut, Dirk and Schäfer,
                      Benjamin and Beck, Christian and Vanfretti, Luigi},
      title        = {{P}hase and amplitude synchronisation in power-grid
                      frequency fluctuations in the {N}ordic {G}rid},
      journal      = {IEEE access},
      volume       = {10},
      issn         = {2169-3536},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01291},
      pages        = {18065 - 18073},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Monitoring and modelling the power grid frequency is key to
                      ensuring stability in the electrical power system. Many
                      tools exist to investigate the detailed deterministic
                      dynamics and especially the bulk behaviour of the frequency.
                      However, far less attention has been paid to its stochastic
                      properties, and there is a need for a cohesive framework
                      that couples both short-time scale fluctuations and bulk
                      behaviour. Moreover, commonly assumed uncorrelated
                      stochastic noise is predominantly employed in modelling in
                      energy systems. In this publication, we examine the
                      stochastic properties of the Nordic Grid, focusing on the
                      increments of the frequency recordings. We show that these
                      increments follow non-Gaussian statistics and display
                      spatial and temporal correlations. Furthermore, we report
                      two different physical synchronisation phenomena: a very
                      short timescale phase synchronisation (< 2 s) followed by a
                      slightly larger timescale amplitude synchronisation (2 s–5
                      s). Overall, these results show that modelling of
                      fluctuations in power systems should not be restricted to
                      Gaussian white noise.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {621.3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111) / HDS LEE - Helmholtz School for Data Science in
                      Life, Earth and Energy (HDS LEE) (HDS-LEE-20190612) /
                      HGF-ZT-I-0029 - Helmholtz UQ: Uncertainty Quantification -
                      from data to reliable knowledge (HGF-ZT-I-0029) /
                      Open-Access-Publikationskosten Forschungszentrum Jülich
                      (OAPKFZJ) (491111487) / CoNDyNet 2 - Kollektive Nichtlineare
                      Dynamik Komplexer Stromnetze (BMBF-03EK3055B)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112 / G:(DE-Juel1)HDS-LEE-20190612 /
                      G:(DE-Ds200)HGF-ZT-I-0029 / G:(GEPRIS)491111487 /
                      G:(DE-JUEL1)BMBF-03EK3055B},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000760721500001},
      doi          = {10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3150338},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/906203},
}