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@ARTICLE{Mller:906241,
      author       = {Möller, Sören and Joo, Hyunsang and Rasinski, Marcin and
                      Mann, Markus and Figgemeier, Egbert and Finsterbusch,
                      Martin},
      title        = {{Q}uantitative {L}ithiation {D}epth {P}rofiling in
                      {S}ilicon {C}ontaining {A}nodes {I}nvestigated by {I}on
                      {B}eam {A}nalysis},
      journal      = {Batteries},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2313-0105},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01317},
      pages        = {14 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The localisation and quantitative analysis of lithium (Li)
                      in battery materials, components, and full cells are
                      scientifically highly relevant, yet challenging tasks. The
                      methodical developments of MeV ion beam analysis (IBA)
                      presented here open up new possibilities for simultaneous
                      elemental quantification and localisation of light and heavy
                      elements in Li and other batteries. It describes the
                      technical prerequisites and limitations of using IBA to
                      analyse and solve current challenges with the example of
                      Li-ion and solid-state battery-related research and
                      development. Here, nuclear reaction analysis and Rutherford
                      backscattering spectrometry can provide spatial resolutions
                      down to 70 nm and $1\%$ accuracy. To demonstrate the new
                      insights to be gained by IBA, SiOx-containing graphite
                      anodes are lithiated to six states-of-charge (SoC) between
                      $0–50\%.$ The quantitative Li depth profiling of the
                      anodes shows a linear increase of the Li concentration with
                      SoC and a match of injected and detected Li-ions. This
                      unambiguously proofs the electrochemical activity of Si.
                      Already at $50\%$ SoC, we derive C/Li = 5.4 (< LiC6) when
                      neglecting Si, proving a relevant uptake of Li by the 8 atom
                      $\%$ Si (C/Si ≈ 9) in the anode with Li/Si ≤ 1.8 in this
                      case. Extrapolations to full lithiation show a maximum of
                      Li/Si = 1.04 ± 0.05. The analysis reveals all element
                      concentrations are constant over the anode thickness of 44
                      µm, except for a ~6-µm-thick separator-side surface layer.
                      Here, the Li and Si concentrations are a factor 1.23 higher
                      compared to the bulk for all SoC, indicating preferential Li
                      binding to SiOx. These insights are so far not accessible
                      with conventional analysis methods and are a first important
                      step towards in-depth knowledge of quantitative Li
                      distributions on the component level and a further
                      application of IBA in the battery community.},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / IEK-4 / IEK-12},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1222 - Components and Cells (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1222},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000763916100001},
      doi          = {10.3390/batteries8020014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/906241},
}