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@INBOOK{Santee:906514,
      author       = {Santee, Michelle L. and Lambert, Alyn and Manney, Gloria L.
                      and Lawrence, Zachary D. and Chabrillat, Simon and Hoffmann,
                      Lars and Palmer, Sean P. and Minschwaner, Ken},
      title        = {{C}hapter 10: {P}olar {P}rocesses},
      address      = {Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany},
      publisher    = {SPARC Office},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01493},
      series       = {SPARC Report No. 10, WCRP-6/2021},
      pages        = {491-532},
      year         = {2022},
      comment      = {SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) Final
                      Report},
      booktitle     = {SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison
                       Project (S-RIP) Final Report},
      abstract     = {This chapter focuses on microphysical and chemical
                      processes in the winter polar lower stratosphere, such as
                      polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation; denitrification
                      and dehydration; heterogeneous chlorine activation and
                      deactivation; and chemical ozone loss. These are
                      “threshold” phenomena that depend critically on
                      meteorological conditions. A range of diagnostics is
                      examined to quantify differences between reanalyses and
                      their impact on polar processing studies, including minimum
                      lower stratospheric temperatures; area and volume of
                      stratospheric air cold enough to support PSC formation;
                      maximum latitudinal gradients in potential vorticity (a
                      measure of the strength of the winter polar vortex); area of
                      the vortex exposed to sunlight each day; vortex break-up
                      dates; and polar cap average diabatic heating rates. For
                      such diagnostics, the degree of agreement between reanalyses
                      is an important direct indicator of the systems’ inherent
                      uncertainties, and comparisons to independent measurements
                      are frequently not feasible. For other diagnostics, however,
                      comparisons with atmospheric observations are very valuable.
                      The representation of small-scale temperature and horizontal
                      wind fluctuations and the fidelity of Lagrangian trajectory
                      calculations are evaluated using observations obtained
                      during long-duration superpressure balloon flights launched
                      from Antarctica. Comparisons with satellite measurements of
                      various trace gases and PSCs are made to assess the
                      thermodynamic consistency between reanalysis temperatures
                      and theoretical PSC equilibrium curves. Finally, to explore
                      how the spatially and temporally varying differences between
                      reanalyses interact to affect the conclusions of typical
                      polar processing studies, simulated fields of nitric acid,
                      water vapour, several chlorine species, nitrous oxide, and
                      ozone from a chemistry-transport model driven by the
                      different reanalyses for specific Arctic and Antarctic
                      winters are compared to satellite measurements.},
      keywords     = {FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences (Other)},
      cin          = {JSC},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)7},
      doi          = {10.17874/800DEE57D13},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/906514},
}