% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Schfer:906838,
      author       = {Schäfer, Dominik and Queda, Larissa and Nischwitz, Volker
                      and Fang, Qingping and Blum, Ludger},
      title        = {{O}rigin of {S}team {C}ontaminants and {D}egradation of
                      {S}olid-{O}xide {E}lectrolysis {S}tacks},
      journal      = {Processes},
      volume       = {10},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2227-9717},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01732},
      pages        = {598},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Two once-through steam generators and a combination of a
                      steam generator and a gas preheater for supplying feed gases
                      to solid-oxide electrolysis stacks were evaluated for their
                      carryover characteristics of contaminants from the
                      feed-water into the steam phase. The concentrations of
                      various trace impurities in the steam were determined by
                      sampling the steam condensates and screening them with
                      inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry for 19
                      elements and liquid ion chromatography and continuous flow
                      analysis for chloride and ammonium. Steam-soluble species
                      such as boric acid undergo complete volatilization and
                      transfer into the steam phase. During unstable evaporation
                      in the steam generators an extensive physical carryover of
                      alloying metal species was observed. At realistic operation
                      conditions for steam electrolysis, the gas preheater caused
                      a considerable release of silicon into the steam phase. Two
                      stack experiments were performed with common preheater
                      temperatures and showed largely increased cell voltage
                      degradation at higher operation temperatures. The post-test
                      chemical analysis of cell samples revealed significant
                      concentrations of silicon in the samples that are regarded
                      as primary cause for increased degradation. These findings
                      could partially explain the wide spread of degradation rates
                      reported for solid-oxide steam electrolysis experiments.},
      cin          = {IEK-9 / ZEA-3 / IEK-14},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-3-20090406 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123) / 1232 -
                      Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123) / Verbundvorhaben
                      P2X-2: Erforschung, Validierung und Implementierung von
                      'Power-to-X' Konzepten ' Teilvorhaben Z0-2 (03SFK2Z0-2)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232 /
                      G:(BMBF)03SFK2Z0-2},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000774438700001},
      doi          = {10.3390/pr10030598},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/906838},
}