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@ARTICLE{Ardra:907052,
      author       = {Ardra, Divakaran and Kuttippurath, Jayanarayanan and Roy,
                      Raina and Kumar, Pankaj and Raj, Sarath and Müller, Rolf
                      and Feng, Wuhu},
      title        = {{T}he {U}nprecedented {O}zone {L}oss in the {A}rctic
                      {W}inter and {S}pring of 2010/2011 and 2019/2020},
      journal      = {ACS earth and space chemistry},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {2472-3452},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publications},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01829},
      pages        = {683-693},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Polar ozone depletion has been a major environmental threat
                      for humanity since the late 1980s. The 2011 Arctic winter
                      caught much global attention because of the amount of ozone
                      loss (2.3–3.4 ppmv at 450–475 K potential temperature),
                      and a similar loss was also observed in the 2020 winter
                      (2.5–3.5 ppmv at 400–500 K). Since the difference
                      between the winter of 2010/11 and 2019/20 in terms of ozone
                      loss is small, we investigate the change in terms of polar
                      processing in these years, as that would help future
                      projections of ozone recovery in polar regions. The ozone
                      loss estimated by different methods (passive tracer and
                      vortex descent) shows the highest loss in April in both
                      years 2011 and 2020, but the peak ozone loss altitude was
                      different. The overall ozone loss was more extensive in the
                      lower stratosphere in 2020, but a relatively large loss
                      occurred at higher altitudes in 2011. Prolonged chlorine
                      activation was evident in 2020, longer than that in 2011,
                      which also enhanced loss in the lower stratosphere in 2020.
                      The situation in 2020 resulted in very small values of
                      column ozone, which were below 220 DU for more than 3 weeks,
                      and a near-complete ozone loss $(93\%)$ at certain altitudes
                      in the lower stratosphere. The ozone loss in 2020 was
                      similar to that in the Antarctic and was triggered by the
                      presence of a strong and stable polar vortex with zonal
                      winds of constant velocity (40–45 ms–1) and temperature
                      conditions favoring large areas of polar stratospheric
                      clouds (PSCs) (10 million km2) for most of the winter. The
                      relatively lower values of momentum flux suggest that the
                      tropospheric forcing was lower in 2020. Therefore, both
                      winters had less disturbed and long-lasting polar vortices
                      allowing lower temperatures, large areas of PSCs, and longer
                      periods of severe chlorine activation, which in turn led to
                      the record-breaking ozone loss of the levels found in the
                      Antarctic vortex for some days.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000776269800018},
      doi          = {10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00333},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907052},
}