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@ARTICLE{Zapp:907053,
      author       = {Zapp, Petra and Schreiber, Andrea and Marx, Josefine and
                      Kuckshinrichs, Wilhelm},
      title        = {{E}nvironmental impacts of rare earth production},
      journal      = {MRS bulletin},
      volume       = {47},
      issn         = {0883-7694},
      address      = {Cambridge},
      publisher    = {Cambridge Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01830},
      pages        = {267–275},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Rare earth elements (REEs) are important raw materials for
                      green technologies. However, REE mining and production uses
                      techniques that are often not environmentally sustainable.
                      Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a well-recognized method for
                      evaluating the environmental impacts of products and
                      technologies. This article provides an overview of the
                      environmental impacts based on published LCA results of
                      primary REE production. Existing major REE deposits (Bayan
                      Obo in China, Mountain Pass in the United States, Mount Weld
                      in Australia, ion-adsorption deposits in several Chinese
                      southern provinces) and currently possible production routes
                      are compared. Alternative minerals, such as eudialyte, are
                      also discussed. The article shows which environmental
                      effects can be minimized by technology optimization and
                      environmental safety strategies. Additionally, some of the
                      environmental impacts discussed, may be difficult to
                      mitigate, as they depend on the mineral type. Activities
                      along the complex process chain of REEs production that have
                      particularly high environmental impacts are identified.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {670},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {35316936},
      UT           = {WOS:000770210400001},
      doi          = {10.1557/s43577-022-00286-6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907053},
}