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@PHDTHESIS{CastroHerrera:907640,
      author       = {Castro Herrera, Daniela},
      title        = {{E}cological sanitation via thermophilic co-composting of
                      humanure and biochar as an approach to climate-smart
                      agriculture},
      volume       = {573},
      school       = {Universität Bonn},
      type         = {Dissertation},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02119},
      isbn         = {978-3-95806-622-9},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. Reihe Energie
                      $\&$ Umwelt / Energy $\&$ Environment},
      pages        = {XVIII, 127 S.},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {Dissertation, Universität Bonn, 2021},
      abstract     = {Lack of basic sanitation and appropriate waste management,
                      limited access to mineral and organic fertilizers, and land
                      degradation are major public health and food security
                      challenges, particularly in developing regions with
                      financial and infrastructural limitations such as in
                      Sub-Saharan Africa. Developing integrated interventions that
                      address these challenges is of great relevance and is
                      becoming more urgent as the effects of climate change
                      increase and as the global population continuously rises.
                      Here, we developed an appropriate-technology ecological
                      sanitation concept via thermophilic composting of human
                      excreta and cattle manure as an approach for climate-smart
                      agriculture. For this, inside traditional wooden compost
                      boxes, we composted human excreta, and separately cattle
                      manure, both with kitchen scraps and teff straw, sawdust and
                      biochar as bulking agents, to produce a compost free of
                      phytotoxicity and pathogens, but rich in nutrients that can
                      be used to improve soil fertility. In order to maximize the
                      benefits of this approach, we particularly aimed at:(1)
                      Investigating the dynamics of key nutrients and physical and
                      chemical parameters of four composting treatments −human
                      excreta or cattle manure, with and without biochar− to
                      evaluate the feasibility of the appropriate-technology
                      composting process, the type of manure used and the effect
                      of biochar during composting.(2) Quantifying CO$_{2}$,
                      CH$_{4}$, N$_{2}$O, and NH$_{3}$ emissions of the different
                      composting treatments to assess their environmental impact
                      and the effect that biochar has on these gas emissions when
                      used as amendment during composting.(3) Exploring the
                      nutrient dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions of these four
                      types of compost when applied at two different rates (total
                      compost N equaled 170 kg N ha$^{-1}$, and three times this
                      amount) to a sandy soil at 25°C to evaluate their potential
                      as fertilizers and the role of biochar in increasing C
                      sequestration and reducing nutrient leaching in agricultural
                      soils. We found that our appropriate-technology thermophilic
                      composting process enabled a well-running and hygienically
                      safe composting not only of cattle manure, but also of human
                      excreta as a hygienically critical waste, as demonstrated by
                      the low nutrient losses, the temperature course, and the
                      relatively low N$_{2}$O and CH$_{4}$ emissions. Phosphorus
                      and K delivered by both compost forms showed that the plant
                      demand for P and K based on maize at tropical temperature
                      conditions can be fully covered through human excreta and
                      cattle manure-derived compost application, even at the lower
                      application rate, and could be especially suitable for
                      highly weathered and depleted soils in the tropics with very
                      low P, K and organic matter contents. In contrast, the N
                      provided by all compost treatments was not enough to meet
                      the crop N demand. Our research also demonstrated that
                      compost, especially biochar-compost mixtures, may contribute
                      to carbon sequestration and nutrient retention in
                      agricultural soils and decrease the dependency on synthetic
                      fertilizers, especially on mineral P and K. This work thus
                      demonstrates that the ecological sanitation concept via
                      thermophilic composting with biochar addition is a feasible
                      and climate smart approach with low requirement for
                      investment and with high potential to increase access to
                      sanitation, soil fertility and food security, and to
                      contribute to climate change mitigation, ecological waste
                      management andsustainable agricultural production.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)11},
      urn          = {urn:nbn:de:0001-2022052312},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907640},
}