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@ARTICLE{Zou:907854,
      author       = {Zou, Ling and Griessbach, Sabine and Hoffmann, Lars and
                      Spang, Reinhold},
      title        = {{A} global view on stratospheric ice clouds: assessment of
                      processes related to their occurrence based on satellite
                      observations},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {22},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02252},
      pages        = {6677 - 6702},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Ice clouds play an important role in regulating water vapor
                      and influencing the radiative budget in the atmosphere. This
                      study investigates stratospheric ice clouds (SICs) in the
                      latitude range betweenbased on the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and
                      Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). As
                      polar stratospheric clouds include other particles, they are
                      not discussed in this work. Tropopause temperature, double
                      tropopauses, clouds in the upper troposphere and lower
                      stratosphere (UTLS), gravity waves, and stratospheric
                      aerosols are analyzed to investigate their relationships
                      with the occurrence of and variability in SICs in the
                      tropics and at midlatitudes.We found that SICs with
                      cloud-top heights of 250 m above the first lapse rate
                      tropopause are mainly detected in the tropics. Monthly time
                      series of SICs from 2007 to 2019 show that high occurrence
                      frequencies of SICs follow the Intertropical Convergence
                      Zone (ITCZ) over time in the tropics and that SICs vary
                      interannually at different latitudes. Results show that SICs
                      associated with double tropopauses, which are related to
                      poleward isentropic transport, are mostly found at
                      midlatitudes. More than $80 \%$ of the SICs around
                      30∘ N/S are associated with double
                      tropopauses.Correlation coefficients of SICs and all the
                      other abovementioned processes confirm that the occurrence
                      of and variability in SICs are mainly associated with the
                      tropopause temperature in the tropics and at midlatitudes.
                      UTLS clouds, which are retrieved from the Atmospheric
                      Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and used as a proxy for deep
                      convection in the tropics and high-altitude ice cloud
                      sources at midlatitudes, have the highest correlations with
                      SICs in the monsoon regions and the central United States.
                      Gravity waves are mostly related to SICs at midlatitudes,
                      especially over Patagonia and the Drake Passage. However,
                      the second-highest correlation coefficients show that the
                      cold tropopause temperature, the occurrence of double
                      tropopauses, high stratospheric aerosol loading, frequent
                      UTLS clouds, and gravity waves are highly correlated with
                      the SICs locally. The long-term anomaly analyses show that
                      interannual anomalies of SICs are correlated with the
                      tropopause temperature and stratospheric aerosols instead of
                      the UTLS clouds and gravity waves.The overlapping and
                      similar correlation coefficients between SICs and all
                      processes mentioned above indicate strong associations
                      between those processes themselves. Due to their high
                      inherent correlations, it is challenging to disentangle and
                      evaluate their contributions to the occurrence of SICs on a
                      global scale. However, the correlation coefficient analyses
                      between SICs and all abovementioned processes (tropopause
                      temperature, double tropopauses, clouds in the upper
                      troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), gravity waves,
                      and stratospheric aerosols) in this study help us better
                      understand the sources of SICs on a global scale.},
      cin          = {JSC / IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / 2112 - Climate
                      Feedbacks (POF4-211) / DFG project 410579391 - Transportwege
                      für Aerosol und Spurengase im Asiatischen Monsun in der
                      oberen Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)410579391},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000798865200001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-22-6677-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907854},
}