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@ARTICLE{Cai:907863,
      author       = {Cai, Zhongyin and Griessbach, Sabine and Hoffmann, Lars},
      title        = {{I}mproved estimation of volcanic {SO}2 injections from
                      satellite retrievals and {L}agrangian transport simulations:
                      the 2019 {R}aikoke eruption},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {22},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02254},
      pages        = {6787 - 6809},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Monitoring and modeling of volcanic plumes are important
                      for understanding the impact of volcanic activity on climate
                      and for practical concerns, such as aviation safety or
                      public health. Here, we apply the Lagrangian transport model
                      Massive-Parallel Trajectory Calculations (MPTRAC) to
                      estimate the SO2 injections into the upper troposphere and
                      lower stratosphere by the eruption of the Raikoke volcano
                      (48.29∘ N, 153.25∘ E) in June 2019 and its
                      subsequent long-range transport and dispersion. First, we
                      used SO2 retrievals from the AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared
                      Sounder) and TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument)
                      satellite instruments together with a backward trajectory
                      approach to estimate the altitude-resolved SO2 injection
                      time series. Second, we applied a scaling factor to the
                      initial estimate of the SO2 mass and added an exponential
                      decay to simulate the time evolution of the total SO2 mass.
                      By comparing the estimated SO2 mass and the mass from
                      TROPOMI retrievals, we show that the volcano injected
                      2.1 ± 0.2 Tg SO2, and the e-folding lifetime of the
                      SO2 was about 13 to 17 d. The reconstructed SO2 injection
                      time series are consistent between using the AIRS nighttime
                      and the TROPOMI daytime products. Further, we compared
                      forward transport simulations that were initialized by AIRS
                      and TROPOMI SO2 products with a constant SO2 injection rate.
                      The results show that the modeled SO2 change, driven by
                      chemical reactions, captures the SO2 mass variations from
                      TROPOMI retrievals. In addition, the forward simulations
                      reproduce the SO2 distributions in the first ∼10 d after
                      the eruption. However, diffusion in the forward simulations
                      is too strong to capture the internal structure of the SO2
                      clouds, which is further quantified in the simulation of the
                      compact SO2 cloud from late July to early August. Our study
                      demonstrates the potential of using combined nadir satellite
                      retrievals and Lagrangian transport simulations to further
                      improve SO2 time- and height-resolved injection estimates of
                      volcanic eruptions.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / DFG project
                      410579391 - Transportwege für Aerosol und Spurengase im
                      Asiatischen Monsun in der oberen Troposphäre und unteren
                      Stratosphäre},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(GEPRIS)410579391},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000799874000001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-22-6787-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907863},
}