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000908443 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWright, Corwin J.$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000908443 245__ $$aSurface-to-space atmospheric waves from Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption
000908443 260__ $$aLondon [u.a.]$$bNature Publ. Group$$c2022
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000908443 520__ $$aThe January 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption was one of the most explosive volcanic events of the modern era, producing a vertical plume which peaked > 50 km above the Earth. The initial explosion and subsequent plume triggered atmospheric waves which propagated around the world multiple times. A global-scale wave response of this magnitude from a single source has not previously been observed. Here we show the details of this response, using a comprehensive set of satellite and ground-based observations to quantify it from surface to ionosphere. A broad spectrum of waves was triggered by the initial explosion, including Lamb waves propagating at phase speeds of 318.2±6 m/s at surface level and between 308±5 to 319±4 m/s in the stratosphere, and gravity waves propagating at 238±3 to 269±3 m/s in the stratosphere. Gravity waves at sub-ionospheric heights have not previously been observed propagating at this speed or over the whole Earth from a single source. Latent heat release from the plume remained the most significant individual gravity wave source worldwide for > 12 hours, producing circular wavefronts visible across the Pacific basin in satellite observations. A single source dominating such a large region is also unique in the observational record. The Hunga Tonga eruption represents a key natural experiment in how the atmosphere responds to a sudden point-source-driven state change, which will be of use for improving weather and climate models.
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000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHindley, Neil P.$$b1
000908443 7001_ $$00000-0003-2495-3597$$aAlexander, M. Joan$$b2
000908443 7001_ $$00000-0002-7612-3811$$aBarlow, Mathew$$b3
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129125$$aHoffmann, Lars$$b4
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aMitchell, Cathryn N.$$b5
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPrata, Fred$$b6
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBouillon, Marie$$b7
000908443 7001_ $$00000-0003-0396-3980$$aCarstens, Justin$$b8
000908443 7001_ $$00000-0003-0394-7200$$aClerbaux, Cathy$$b9
000908443 7001_ $$00000-0002-8751-1211$$aOsprey, Scott M.$$b10
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aPowell, Nick$$b11
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRandall, Cora E.$$b12
000908443 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aYue, Jia$$b13
000908443 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)1413423-8$$a10.1038/s41586-022-05012-5$$p741–746$$tNature <London>$$v609$$x0028-0836$$y2022
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