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@ARTICLE{Nischwitz:908476,
      author       = {Nischwitz, Volker and Stelmaszyk, Lara and Piel, Sandra and
                      Tiehm, Andreas},
      title        = {{C}ascade {F}iltration {W}ith {PCR} {D}etection and
                      {F}ield-{F}low-{F}ractionation {O}nline {W}ith {ICP}-{MS}
                      for the {C}haracterization of {DNA} {I}nteraction {W}ith
                      {S}uspended {P}articulate {M}atter},
      journal      = {Frontiers in Chemistry},
      volume       = {10},
      issn         = {2296-2646},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02629},
      pages        = {919442},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The variety of applied antibiotics in animal and human
                      medicine results in the release, development, and spread of
                      relevant numbers of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in
                      the environment. The majority of ARGs are present in
                      intracellular forms (in bacteria). Neglected aspects are
                      extracellular variants of ARGs (eARGs) and their fragments,
                      which have been detected in surface-water samples and
                      sediments. The stability of eARGs is expected to be low;
                      however, binding to particulate matter is likely to improve
                      their stability and also affect their transport and
                      dissemination behavior. Few studies have investigated DNA
                      particle interactions, mostly via indirect characterization
                      of adduct formation in model systems but not in real
                      environmental matrices. Therefore, our study aims at a novel
                      approach for direct characterization of desoxyribonucleic
                      acid (DNA) particle interactions using both cascade
                      filtration and field-flow fractionation. Cascade filtration
                      with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection
                      indicated retention of ARGs on filters with much larger pore
                      sizes supporting the hypothesis of ARG-particle
                      interactions. However, artifacts from membrane clogging or
                      DNA–membrane interaction cannot be excluded. Consequently,
                      asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation was investigated as
                      an alternative separation technique with the advantage of
                      particle separation in a thin channel, reducing the risk of
                      artifacts. The key method parameters, membrane composition,
                      molecular weight cut off, and carrier composition, were
                      systematically investigated using a calf-thymus DNA-spiked
                      surface-water sample as a model. The results clearly showed
                      a shift in the elution time of clay particles suggesting the
                      presence of DNA–clay adducts. Multi-element detection by
                      inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
                      enabled monitoring of clay via the Al, Fe, and Si signals
                      and DNA via the P signal. Matching peak profiles for the new
                      fraction in the fractograms of the ARG and DNA-spiked water
                      sample support adduct formation. Further evidence was
                      provided by a novel post-channel filtration approach for the
                      separation of free DNA from DNA–clay adducts.},
      cin          = {ZEA-3},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {2151 - Terrestrial ecosystems of the future (POF4-215)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2151},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {35836676},
      UT           = {WOS:000824557100001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fchem.2022.919442},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/908476},
}