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@ARTICLE{Khordakova:908560,
      author       = {Khordakova, Dina and Rolf, Christian and Grooß, Jens-Uwe
                      and Müller, Rolf and Konopka, Paul and Wieser, Andreas and
                      Krämer, Martina and Riese, Martin},
      title        = {{A} case study on the impact of severe convective storms on
                      the water vapor mixing ratio in the lower mid-latitude
                      stratosphere observed in 2019 over {E}urope},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {22},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02684},
      pages        = {1059 - 1079},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Extreme convective events in the troposphere not only have
                      immediate impacts on the surface, but they can also
                      influence the dynamics and composition of the lower
                      stratosphere (LS). One major impact is the moistening of the
                      LS by overshooting convection. This effect plays a crucial
                      role in climate feedback, as small changes of water vapor in
                      the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) have a
                      large impact on the radiative budget of the atmosphere. In
                      this case study, we investigate water vapor injections into
                      the LS by two consecutive convective events in the European
                      mid-latitudes within the framework of the MOSES (Modular
                      Observation Solutions for Earth Systems) measurement
                      campaign during the early summer of 2019. Using
                      balloon-borne instruments, measurements of convective water
                      vapor injection into the stratosphere were performed. Such
                      measurements with a high vertical resolution are rare. The
                      magnitude of the stratospheric water vapor reached up to
                      12.1 ppmv (parts per million by volume), with an estimated
                      background value of 5 ppmv. Hence, the water vapor
                      enhancement reported here is of the same order of magnitude
                      as earlier reports of water vapor injection by convective
                      overshooting over North America. However, the overshooting
                      took place in the extratropical stratosphere over Europe and
                      has a stronger impact on long-term water vapor mixing ratios
                      in the stratosphere compared to the monsoon-influenced
                      region in North America. At the altitude of the measured
                      injection, a sharp drop in a local ozone enhancement peak
                      makes the observed composition of air very unique with high
                      ozone up to 650 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) and
                      high water vapor up to 12.1 ppmv. ERA-Interim does not
                      show any signal of the convective overshoot, the water vapor
                      values measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in the
                      LS are lower than the in situ observations, and the ERA5
                      overestimated water vapor mixing ratios. Backward
                      trajectories of the measured injected air masses reveal that
                      the moistening of the LS took place several hours before the
                      balloon launch. This is in good agreement with the
                      reanalyses, which shows a strong change in the structure of
                      isotherms and a sudden and short-lived increase in potential
                      vorticity at the altitude and location of the trajectory.
                      Similarly, satellite data show low cloud-top brightness
                      temperatures during the overshooting event, which indicates
                      an elevated cloud top height.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211) / 2B1 - MOSES (CTA -
                      CCA) (POF4-2B1)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2B1},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000747698400001},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-22-1059-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/908560},
}