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@ARTICLE{Lebendig:908738,
      author       = {Lebendig, Florian and Funcia, Ibai and Pérez-Vega, Rául
                      and Müller, Michael},
      title        = {{I}nvestigations on the {E}ffect of {P}re-{T}reatment of
                      {W}heat {S}traw on {A}sh-{R}elated {I}ssues in {C}hemical
                      {L}ooping {G}asification ({CLG}) in {C}omparison with
                      {W}oody {B}iomass},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02799},
      pages        = {3422 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) is a promising
                      autothermic route for producing sustainable, N2-free, and
                      carbon neutral syngas for producing liquid biofuels or high
                      value hydrocarbons. However, different ash-related issues,
                      such as high-temperature corrosion, fouling and slagging,
                      bed agglomeration, or poisoning of the oxygen carrier might
                      cause significant ecologic and economic challenges for
                      reliable implementation of BCLG. In this work, lab-scale
                      investigations under gasification-like conditions at 950 °C
                      and thermodynamic modelling were combined for assessing the
                      influence of composition, pre-treatment methods, such as
                      torrefaction and water-leaching, and Ca-based additives on
                      the release and fate of volatile inorganics, as well as on
                      ash melting behavior. A deep characterization of both
                      (non-)condensable gas species and ash composition behavior,
                      joint with thermodynamic modelling has shown that different
                      pre-treatment methods and/or Ca-additives can significantly
                      counteract the above-mentioned problems. It can be concluded
                      that torrefaction alone is not suitable to obtain the
                      desired effects in terms of ash melting behavior or release
                      of problematic volatile species. However, very promising
                      results were achieved when torrefied or water-leached wheat
                      straw was blended with 2 $wt\%$ CaCO3, since ash melting
                      behavior was improved up to a similar level than woody
                      biomass. Generally, both torrefaction and water-leaching
                      reduced the amount of chlorine significantly},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {1241 - Gas turbines (POF4-124) / CLARA - Chemical Looping
                      gAsification foR sustainAble production of biofuels
                      (817841)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1241 / G:(EU-Grant)817841},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000794498500001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en15093422},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/908738},
}