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@ARTICLE{Kachirayil:908759,
      author       = {Kachirayil, Febin and Weinand, Jann Michael and Scheller,
                      Fabian and McKenna, Russell},
      title        = {{R}eviewing local and integrated energy system models:
                      insights into flexibility and robustness challenges},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {324},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02815},
      pages        = {119666 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The electrification of heating, cooling, and transportation
                      to reach decarbonization targets calls for a rapid expansion
                      of renewable technologies. Due to their decentral and
                      intermittent nature, these technologies require robust
                      planning that considers non-technical constraints and
                      flexibility options to be integrated effectively. Energy
                      system models (ESMs) are frequently used to support
                      decision-makers in this planning process. In this study, 116
                      case studies of local, integrated ESMs are systematically
                      reviewed to identify best-practice approaches to model
                      flexibility and address non-technical constraints. Within
                      the sample, storage systems and sector coupling are the most
                      common types of flexibility. Sector coupling with the
                      transportation sector is rarely considered, specifically
                      with electric vehicles even though they could be used for
                      smart charging or vehicle-to-grid operation. Social aspects
                      are generally either completely neglected or modeled
                      exogenously. Lacking actor heterogeneity, which can lead to
                      unstable results in optimization models, can be addressed
                      through building-level information. A strong emphasis on
                      cost is found and while emissions are also frequently
                      reported, additional metrics such as imports or the share of
                      renewable generation are nearly entirely absent. To guide
                      future modeling, the paper concludes with a roadmap
                      highlighting flexibility and robustness options that either
                      represent low-hanging fruit or have a large impact on
                      results.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {1111 - Effective System Transformation Pathways (POF4-111)
                      / 1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000841967400004},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119666},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/908759},
}