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@ARTICLE{Dombrowski:908765,
      author       = {Dombrowski, Olga and Brogi, Cosimo and Hendricks-Franssen,
                      Harrie-Jan and Zanotelli, Damiano and Bogena, Heye},
      title        = {{CLM}5-{F}ruit{T}ree: a new sub-model for deciduous fruit
                      trees in the {C}ommunity {L}and {M}odel ({CLM}5)},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {13},
      issn         = {1991-959X},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02821},
      pages        = {5167 - 5193},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The inclusion of perennial, woody crops in land surface
                      models (LSMs) is crucial for addressing their role in carbon
                      (C) sequestration, food production, and water requirements
                      under climate change. To help quantify the biogeochemical
                      and biogeophysical processes associated with these
                      agroecosystems, we developed and tested a new sub-model,
                      CLM5-FruitTree, for deciduous fruit orchards within the
                      framework of the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5). The
                      model development included (1) a new perennial crop
                      phenology description, (2) an adapted C and nitrogen
                      allocation scheme, considering both storage and
                      photosynthetic growth of annual and perennial plant organs,
                      (3) typical management practices associated with fruit
                      orchards, and (4) the parameterization of an apple plant
                      functional type. CLM5-FruitTree was tested using extensive
                      field measurements from an apple orchard in South Tyrol,
                      Italy. Growth and partitioning of biomass to the individual
                      plant components were well represented by CLM5-FruitTree,
                      and average yield was predicted within $2.3 \%$ of the
                      observed values despite low simulated inter-annual
                      variability compared to observations. The simulated seasonal
                      course of C, energy, and water fluxes was in good agreement
                      with the eddy covariance (EC) measurements owing to the
                      accurate representation of the prolonged growing season and
                      typical leaf area development of the orchard. We found that
                      gross primary production, net radiation, and latent heat
                      flux were highly correlated (r>0.94) with EC measurements
                      and showed little bias $(<±5 \%).$ Simulated respiration
                      components, sensible heat, and soil heat flux were less
                      consistent with observations. This was attributed to
                      simplifications in the orchard structure and to the presence
                      of additional management practices that are not yet
                      represented in CLM5-FruitTree. Finally, the results
                      suggested that the representation of microbial and
                      autotrophic respiration and energy partitioning in complex,
                      discontinuous canopies in CLM5 requires further attention.
                      The new CLM5-FruitTree sub-model improved the representation
                      of agricultural systems in CLM5 and can be used to study
                      land surface processes in fruit orchards at the local,
                      regional, or larger scale.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000821033200001},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmd-15-5167-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/908765},
}