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@ARTICLE{Werner:908896,
      author       = {Werner, Katharina A. and Schneider, Dominik and Poehlein,
                      Anja and Diederich, Nina and Feyen, Lara and Axtmann,
                      Katharina and Hübner, Tobias and Brüggemann, Nicolas and
                      Prost, Katharina and Daniel, Rolf and Grohmann, Elisabeth},
      title        = {{M}etagenomic {I}nsights {I}nto the {C}hanges of
                      {A}ntibiotic {R}esistance and {P}athogenicity {F}actor
                      {P}ools {U}pon {T}hermophilic {C}omposting of {H}uman
                      {E}xcreta},
      journal      = {Frontiers in microbiology},
      volume       = {13},
      issn         = {1664-302X},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02903},
      pages        = {826071},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {In times of climate change, practicing a form of
                      sustainable, climate-resilient and productive agriculture is
                      of primordial importance. Compost could be one form of
                      sustainable fertilizer, which is increasing humus, water
                      holding capacity, and nutrient contents of soils. It could
                      thereby strengthen agriculture toward the adverse effects of
                      climate change, especially when additionally combined with
                      biochar. To get access to sufficient amounts of suitable
                      materials for composting, resources, which are currently
                      treated as waste, such as human excreta, could be a
                      promising option. However, the safety of the produced
                      compost regarding human pathogens, pharmaceuticals (like
                      antibiotics) and related resistance genes must be
                      considered. In this context, we have investigated the effect
                      of 140- and 154-days of thermophilic composting on the
                      hygienization of human excreta and saw dust from dry toilets
                      together with straw and green cuttings with and without
                      addition of biochar. Compost samples were taken at the
                      beginning and end of the composting process and metagenomic
                      analysis was conducted to assess the fate of antibiotic
                      resistance genes (ARGs) and pathogenicity factors of the
                      microbial community over composting. Potential ARGs
                      conferring resistance to major classes of antibiotics, such
                      as beta-lactam antibiotics, vancomycin, the MLSB group,
                      aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and quinolones were detected
                      in all samples. However, relative abundance of ARGs
                      decreased from the beginning to the end of composting. This
                      trend was also found for genes encoding type III, type IV,
                      and type VI secretion systems, that are involved in
                      pathogenicity, protein effector transport into eukaryotic
                      cells and horizontal gene transfer between bacteria,
                      respectively. The results suggest that the occurrence of
                      potentially pathogenic microorganisms harboring ARGs
                      declines during thermophilic composting. Nevertheless, ARG
                      levels did not decline below the detection limit of
                      quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thresholds for the usage of compost
                      regarding acceptable resistance gene levels are yet to be
                      evaluated and defined.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:35432262},
      UT           = {WOS:000789104700001},
      doi          = {10.3389/fmicb.2022.826071},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/908896},
}