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@ARTICLE{sten:909252,
      author       = {Üsten, Ezel and Lügering, Helena and Sieben, Anna},
      title        = {{P}ushing and {N}on-pushing {F}orward {M}otion in {C}rowds:
                      {A} {S}ystematic {P}sychological {O}bservation {M}ethod for
                      {R}ating {I}ndividual {B}ehavior in {P}edestrian {D}ynamics},
      journal      = {Collective dynamics},
      volume       = {7},
      issn         = {2366-8539},
      address      = {[Jülich]},
      publisher    = {[Forschungszentrum Jülich]},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-03084},
      pages        = {1 - 16},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Pushing behavior impairs people’s sense of well-being in
                      a crowd and represents a significant safety risk. There are
                      nevertheless still a lot of unanswered questions about who
                      behaves how in a crowded situation, and when, where, and why
                      pushing behavior occurs. Beginning from the supposition that
                      a crowd is not thoroughly homogenous and that behavior can
                      change over time, we developed a method to observe and rate
                      forward motion. Based on the guidelines of quantitative
                      content analysis, we came up with four categories: (1)
                      falling behind, (2) just walking, (3) mild pushing, and (4)
                      strong pushing. These categories allow for the
                      classification of the behavior of any person at any time in
                      a video, and thereby the method allows for a comprehensive
                      systematization of individuals’ actions alongside temporal
                      crowd dynamics. The application of this method involves
                      videos of moving crowds including trajectories. The initial
                      results show a very good inter-coder reliability between two
                      trained raters demonstrating the general suitability of the
                      system to describe forward motion in crowds systematically
                      and quantify it for further analysis. In this way, pushing
                      behavior can be better understood and, prospectively, risks
                      better identified. This article offers a comprehensive
                      presentation of this method of observation.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {380},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / DFG Grant for all
                      Projects for 2022 (DFG-ALL-2022)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-Juel-1)DFG-ALL-2022},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.17815/CD.2022.138},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/909252},
}