% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Soler:909536,
      author       = {Soler, Josep and Meng, Shuo and Moreno, Luis and
                      Neretnieks, Ivars and Liu, Longcheng and Kekäläinen, Pekka
                      and Hokr, Milan and Říha, Jakub and Vetešník, Aleš and
                      Reimitz, Dan and Višňák, Jakub and Vopálka, Dušan and
                      Kröhn, Klaus-Peter and Tachi, Yukio and Ito, Tsuyoshi and
                      Svensson, Urban and Iraola, Aitor and Trinchero, Paolo and
                      Voutilainen, Mikko and Deissmann, Guido and Bosbach, Dirk
                      and Park, Dong Kyu and Ji, Sung-Hoon and Gvoždík, Libor
                      and Milický, Martin and Polák, Michal and Gylling, Björn
                      and Lanyon, Bill},
      title        = {{M}odelling of the {LTDE}-{SD} radionuclide diffusion
                      experiment in crystalline rock at the Äspö {H}ard {R}ock
                      {L}aboratory ({S}weden)},
      journal      = {Geologica acta},
      volume       = {20},
      issn         = {0567-7505},
      address      = {Barcelona},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-03225},
      pages        = {1 - 32},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {This study shows a comparison and analysis of results from
                      a modelling exercise concerning a field experiment involving
                      the transport and retention of different radionuclide
                      tracers in crystalline rock. This exercise wasperformed
                      within the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company
                      (SKB) Task Force on Modelling of Groundwater Flow and
                      Transport of Solutes (Task Force GWFTS). Task 9B of the Task
                      Force GWFTS was the second subtask within Task 9 and focused
                      on the modelling of experimental results from the Long Term
                      Sorption Diffusion Experiment in situ tracer test. The test
                      had been performed at a depth of about 410m in the Äspö
                      Hard Rock Laboratory. Synthetic groundwater containing a
                      cocktail of radionuclide tracers was circulated for 198 days
                      on the natural surface of a fracture and in a narrow slim
                      hole drilled in unaltered rock matrix. Overcoring of the
                      rock after the end of the test allowed for the measurement
                      of tracer distribution profiles in the rock from the
                      fracture surface (A cores) and also from the slim hole (D
                      cores). The measured tracer activities in the rock samples
                      showed long profiles (several cm) for non- or weakly-sorbing
                      tracers (Cl-36, Na-22), but also for many of the more
                      strongly-sorbing radionuclides. The understanding of this
                      unexpected feature was one of the main motivations for this
                      modelling exercise. However, re-evaluation and revision of
                      the data during the course of Task 9B provided evidence that
                      the anomalous long tails at low activities for strongly
                      sorbing tracers were artefacts due to cross-contamination
                      during rock sample preparation. A few data points remained
                      for Cs-137, Ba-133, Ni-63 and Cd-109, but most measurements
                      at long distances from the tracer source (>10mm) were now
                      below the reported detection limits. Ten different modelling
                      teams provided results for this exercise, using different
                      concepts and codes. The tracers that were finally considered
                      were Na-22, Cl-36, Co-57, Ni-63, Ba-133, Cs-137, Cd-109,
                      Ra-226 and Np-237. Three main types of models were used: i)
                      analytical solutions to the transport-retention equations,
                      ii) continuum porous-medium numerical models, and iii)
                      microstructure-based models accounting for small-scale
                      heterogeneity (i.e. mineral grains, porosities and/or
                      microfracture distributions) and potential centimetre-scale
                      fractures. The modelling by the different teams led to some
                      important conclusions, concerning for instance the presence
                      of a disturbed zone (a few mm in thickness) next to the
                      fracture surface and to the wall of the slim hole and the
                      role of micro-fractures and cm-scale fractures in the
                      transport of weakly sorbing tracers. These conclusions could
                      be reached after the re-evaluation and revision of the
                      experimental data (tracer profiles in the rock) and the
                      analysis of the different sets of model results provided by
                      the different teams.},
      cin          = {IEK-6},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-6-20101013},
      pnm          = {1411 - Nuclear Waste Disposal (POF4-141)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1411},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000847357100001},
      doi          = {10.1344/GeologicaActa2022.20.7},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/909536},
}