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@ARTICLE{Forbes:909543,
      author       = {Forbes, Jeffrey M. and Ern, Manfred and Zhang, Xiaoli},
      title        = {{T}he {G}lobal {M}onsoon {C}onvective {S}ystem as
                      {R}eflected in {U}pper {A}tmosphere {G}ravity {W}aves},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Space physics},
      volume       = {127},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-03232},
      pages        = {e2022JA030572},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The concept of a global monsoon system collectively
                      comprising 6 tropical regions is applied to Outgoing
                      Longwave Radiation (OLR) as a proxy for convectively
                      generated gravity waves (GWs), leading to the global monsoon
                      convective system (GMCS). The six tropical regions are North
                      and South Africa, Central and South America, and the South
                      Asia-Pacific and Malay Archipelago/Australia-Pacific
                      regions. The extended GMCS is considered in terms of gravity
                      wave momentum fluxes (GWMFs) at 30, 50, 70, and 90 km
                      altitude during the summer season in both hemispheres
                      between December 2016, and August 2020. The GWMFs are
                      inferred from TIMED/SABER temperature measurements.
                      Intermonthly, interseasonal, and interannual variations in
                      monthly mean GWMFs are interpreted in terms of OLR as a
                      proxy for the spatial-temporal variability of GW sources,
                      and in terms of MERRA2 zonal winds that quantify the
                      influences of changes in background propagation conditions.
                      It is found that temporal variations in GWMFs associated
                      with the GMCS as a whole are not highly correlated with OLR,
                      but at 30, 50, and 70 km are quantitatively linked to
                      Doppler-shifting effects by local winds, wind filtering at
                      15 km altitude, and “instrument filtering.” These
                      effects are also compared and examined in the context of GW
                      variances at 50 km in Southern Hemisphere summer measured by
                      the CIPS instrument on the AIM satellite, which measures a
                      different part of the GW spectrum. The SABER GWMF response
                      at 90 km is irregular and variable, but sometimes consists
                      of 3- and 4-peaked structures in longitude that may reflect
                      nonmigrating tide influences on GW propagation conditions.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {520},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000850891500001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2022JA030572},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/909543},
}