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@ARTICLE{Konopka:910157,
      author       = {Konopka, Paul and Tao, Mengchu and von Hobe, Marc and
                      Hoffmann, Lars and Kloss, Corinna and Ravegnani, Fabrizio
                      and Volk, C. Michael and Lauther, Valentin and Zahn, Andreas
                      and Hoor, Peter and Ploeger, Felix},
      title        = {{T}ropospheric transport and unresolved convection:
                      numerical experiments with {CL}a{MS} 2.0/{MESS}y},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {1991-959X},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-03644},
      pages        = {7471 - 7487},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Pure Lagrangian, i.e., trajectory-based transport models,
                      take into account only the resolved advective part of
                      transport. That means neither mixing processes between the
                      air parcels (APs) nor unresolved subgrid-scale advective
                      processes like convection are included. The Chemical
                      Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS 1.0) extends
                      this approach by including mixing between the Lagrangian APs
                      parameterizing the small-scale isentropic mixing. To improve
                      model representation of the upper troposphere and lower
                      stratosphere (UTLS), this approach was extended by taking
                      into account parameterization of tropospheric mixing and
                      unresolved convection in the recently published CLaMS 2.0
                      version. All three transport modes, i.e., isentropic and
                      tropospheric mixing and the unresolved convection can be
                      adjusted and optimized within the model. Here, we
                      investigate the sensitivity of the model representation of
                      tracers in the UTLS with respect to these three modes.For
                      this reason, the CLaMS 2.0 version implemented within the
                      Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy), CLaMS 2.0/MESSy, is
                      applied with meteorology based on the ERA-Interim (EI) and
                      ERA5 (E5) reanalyses with the same horizontal resolution
                      (1.0×1.0∘) but with 60 and 137 model levels for EI and
                      E5, respectively. Comparisons with in situ observations are
                      used to rate the degree of agreement between different model
                      configurations and observations. Starting from pure
                      advective runs as a reference and in agreement with CLaMS
                      1.0, we show that among the three processes considered,
                      isentropic mixing dominates transport in the UTLS. Both the
                      observed CO, O3, N2O, and CO2 profiles and CO–O3
                      correlations are clearly better reproduced in the model with
                      isentropic mixing. The second most important transport
                      process considered is convection which is only partially
                      resolved in the vertical velocity fields provided by the
                      analysis. This additional pathway of transport from the
                      planetary boundary layer (PBL) to the main convective
                      outflow dominates the composition of air in the lower
                      stratosphere relative to the contribution of the resolved
                      transport. This transport happens mainly in the tropics and
                      sub-tropics, and significantly rejuvenates the age of air in
                      this region. By taking into account tropospheric mixing,
                      weakest changes in tracer distributions without any clear
                      improvements were found.},
      cin          = {IEK-7 / JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211) / 5111 -
                      Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs (SDLs)
                      and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000865444800001},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmd-15-7471-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910157},
}