000910247 001__ 910247 000910247 005__ 20230123110700.0 000910247 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.043013 000910247 0247_ $$2Handle$$a2128/32070 000910247 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:000881432000009 000910247 037__ $$aFZJ-2022-03708 000910247 082__ $$a530 000910247 1001_ $$00000-0003-1384-0626$$aIrbäck, Anders$$b0$$eCorresponding author 000910247 245__ $$aFolding lattice proteins with quantum annealing 000910247 260__ $$aCollege Park, MD$$bAPS$$c2022 000910247 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000910247 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000910247 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1672835939_22540 000910247 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000910247 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000910247 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000910247 520__ $$aQuantum annealing is a promising approach for obtaining good approximate solutions to difficult optimization problems. Folding a protein sequence into its minimum-energy structure represents such a problem. For testing new algorithms and technologies for this task, the minimal lattice-based [hydrophobic (H) or polar (P) beads] HP model is well suited, as it represents a considerable challenge despite its simplicity. The HP model has favorable interactions between adjacent, not directly bound hydrophobic residues. Here, we develop a novel spin representation for lattice protein folding tailored for quantum annealing. With a distributed encoding onto the lattice, it differs from earlier attempts to fold lattice proteins on quantum annealers, which were based upon chain growth techniques. With our encoding, the Hamiltonian by design has the quadratic structure required for calculations on an Ising-type annealer, without having to introduce any auxiliary spin variables. This property greatly facilitates the study of long chains. The approach is robust to changes in the parameters required to constrain the spin system to chainlike configurations, and performs very well in terms of solution quality. The results are evaluated against existing exact results for HP chains with up to N=30 beads with 100% hit rate, thereby also outperforming classical simulated annealing. In addition, the method allows us to recover the lowest known energies for N=48 and N=64 HP chains, with similar hit rates. These results are obtained by the commonly used hybrid quantum-classical approach. For pure quantum annealing, our method successfully folds an N=14 HP chain. The calculations were performed on a D-Wave Advantage quantum annealer. 000910247 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111$$a5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation & Data Life Cycle Labs (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)$$cPOF4-511$$fPOF IV$$x0 000910247 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef, Journals: juser.fz-juelich.de 000910247 7001_ $$00000-0003-1080-200X$$aKnuthson, Lucas$$b1 000910247 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)132590$$aMohanty, Sandipan$$b2 000910247 7001_ $$00000-0001-7362-2191$$aPeterson, Carsten$$b3 000910247 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)3004165-X$$a10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.043013$$gVol. 4, no. 4, p. 043013$$n4$$p043013$$tPhysical review research$$v4$$x2643-1564$$y2022 000910247 8564_ $$uhttps://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910247/files/PhysRevResearch.4.043013.pdf$$yOpenAccess 000910247 8564_ $$uhttps://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910247/files/folding_quantum_annealing.pdf$$yOpenAccess 000910247 909CO $$ooai:juser.fz-juelich.de:910247$$pdnbdelivery$$pdriver$$pVDB$$popen_access$$popenaire 000910247 9101_ $$0I:(DE-588b)5008462-8$$6P:(DE-Juel1)132590$$aForschungszentrum Jülich$$b2$$kFZJ 000910247 9131_ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-511$$1G:(DE-HGF)POF4-510$$2G:(DE-HGF)POF4-500$$3G:(DE-HGF)POF4$$4G:(DE-HGF)POF$$9G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111$$aDE-HGF$$bKey Technologies$$lEngineering Digital Futures – Supercomputing, Data Management and Information Security for Knowledge and Action$$vEnabling Computational- & Data-Intensive Science and Engineering$$x0 000910247 9141_ $$y2022 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0510$$2StatID$$aOpenAccess 000910247 915__ $$0LIC:(DE-HGF)CCBY4$$2HGFVOC$$aCreative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0200$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bSCOPUS$$d2022-11-29 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0300$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bMedline$$d2022-11-29 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0501$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bDOAJ Seal$$d2022-08-16T10:08:58Z 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0500$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bDOAJ$$d2022-08-16T10:08:58Z 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0030$$2StatID$$aPeer Review$$bDOAJ : Blind peer review$$d2022-08-16T10:08:58Z 000910247 915__ $$0LIC:(DE-HGF)CCBYNV$$2V:(DE-HGF)$$aCreative Commons Attribution CC BY (No Version)$$bDOAJ$$d2022-08-16T10:08:58Z 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0199$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bClarivate Analytics Master Journal List$$d2022-11-29 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0112$$2StatID$$aWoS$$bEmerging Sources Citation Index$$d2022-11-29 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0150$$2StatID$$aDBCoverage$$bWeb of Science Core Collection$$d2022-11-29 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0561$$2StatID$$aArticle Processing Charges$$d2022-11-29 000910247 915__ $$0StatID:(DE-HGF)0700$$2StatID$$aFees$$d2022-11-29 000910247 920__ $$lyes 000910247 9201_ $$0I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406$$kJSC$$lJülich Supercomputing Center$$x0 000910247 980__ $$ajournal 000910247 980__ $$aVDB 000910247 980__ $$aI:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406 000910247 980__ $$aUNRESTRICTED 000910247 9801_ $$aFullTexts