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@ARTICLE{Haruzi:910302,
      author       = {Haruzi, P. and Schmäck, J. and Zhou, Z. and van der Kruk,
                      J. and Vereecken, H. and Vanderborght, J. and Klotzsche, A.},
      title        = {{D}etection of {T}racer {P}lumes {U}sing
                      {F}ull‐{W}aveform {I}nversion of {T}ime‐{L}apse {G}round
                      {P}enetrating {R}adar {D}ata: {A} {N}umerical {S}tudy in a
                      {H}igh‐{R}esolution {A}quifer {M}odel},
      journal      = {Water resources research},
      volume       = {58},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0043-1397},
      address      = {[New York]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-03737},
      pages        = {23},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Imaging subsurface small-scale features and monitoring
                      transport of tracer plumes at a fine resolution is of
                      interest to characterize transport processes in aquifers.
                      Full-waveform inversion (FWI) of crosshole ground
                      penetrating radar (GPR) measurements enables aquifer
                      characterization at decimeter-scale resolution. The method
                      produces images of both relative dielectric permittivity
                      (εr) and bulk electrical conductivity (σb) that can be
                      related to hydraulic aquifer properties and tracer
                      distributions. To test the potential of time-lapse GPR FWI
                      for imaging tracer plumes, we conducted a numerical tracer
                      experiment by injecting saline water, desalinated water, and
                      ethanol in a heterogeneous aquifer. The saline and
                      desalinated tracers only changed σb, whereas ethanol
                      changed both εr and σb. Tracer concentrations were
                      retrieved from the inverted εr and σb models using
                      information about petrophysical parameters. GPR FWI εr and
                      σb tracer images could recover preferential paths of ∼0.2
                      m width, while the derived σb structures are smoother. FWI
                      of 50 time-lapse data sets demonstrated the potential of the
                      FWI to derive spatially resolved breakthrough curves of the
                      saline and ethanol tracer in the image plane between the
                      boreholes. Thus, high-resolution imaging with GPR FWI of
                      tracers that produce a high permittivity contrast against
                      the background has a great potential for characterization of
                      heterogeneous transport in aquifers.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000796966400001},
      doi          = {10.1029/2021WR030110},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910302},
}