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@INPROCEEDINGS{Foerges:910590,
      author       = {Foerges, Anna Linea and Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria and Lange,
                      Denise and Hennecke, Eva and Baur, Diego and Beer, Simone
                      and Kroll, Tina and Neumaier, Bernd and Aeschbach, Daniel
                      and Bauer, Andreas and Landolt, Hans-Peter and Elmenhorst,
                      David},
      title        = {{S}ex-related differences in cerebral {A}1 adenosine
                      receptor availability in the human brain},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-03968},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Introduction:Sex differences have been reported in terms of
                      sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep phases.
                      Adenosine and its cerebral receptors, A1 adenosine receptor
                      (A1AR) and A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR), play an important
                      role in homeostatic sleep-wake regulation. During
                      wakefulness adenosine concentration increases, whereas it
                      decreases during sleep. We investigated sex differences in
                      the adenosine A1AR availability in human
                      volunteers.Methods:We used the radioligand [18F]CPFPX
                      combined with positron emission tomography to quantify brain
                      A1AR availability in 50 volunteers (20 female, 30 male, 28
                      ± 5 years). Following a one-week ambulatory sleep satiation
                      protocol (9 hours time in bed, TIB), scans were performed
                      under well-rested conditions after at least three nights in
                      the sleep lab with 8 hours TIB. The A1AR availability was
                      estimated in terms of the [18F]CPFPX binding potential
                      (BPND) via the Logan’s reference tissue model (t* = 30
                      min) based on average k2’, resulting from the simplified
                      reference tissue model. The cerebellum was used as a
                      reference region. With independent t-tests we compared BPND
                      between males and females.Results:Grey matter was subdivided
                      into 12 regions. BPND was regionally 12-29 $\%$ higher in
                      females than in males. Notably, in females, BPND was
                      significantly higher in all brain regions indicating higher
                      A1AR availability in females. The differences in BPND were
                      particularly noticeable in regions which belong to the
                      limbic system or are closely associated with it, such as
                      anterior cingulum (0.57 ± 0.11 in females, 0.45 ± 0.11 in
                      males), hippocampus (0.55 ± 0.08 in females, 0.43 ± 0.11
                      in males), and amygdala (0.51 ± 0.10 in females, 0.41 ±
                      0.11 in males).Conclusion:Females compared to males have a
                      higher A1AR availability in the human brain already under
                      well-rested conditions, which could explain the known sex
                      differences in habitual sleep duration.Acknowledgment:We
                      thank all volunteers for participating in the studies, and
                      Sylvia Köhler-Dibowski from the Forschungszentrum Jülich
                      and Annette von Waechter of the German Aerospace Center for
                      their excellent technical assistance and support in study
                      conductance.},
      month         = {Dec},
      date          = {2021-12-14},
      organization  = {XIII International Symposium of
                       Functional Neuroreceptor Mapping of the
                       Living Brain, digital (Canada), 14 Dec
                       2021 - 16 Dec 2021},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {INM-2},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {5253 - Neuroimaging (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5253},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910590},
}