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@ARTICLE{Zhang:910646,
      author       = {Zhang, Q. and Ding, F. and Brezinsek, S. and Yu, L. and
                      Meng, L. Y. and Zhao, P. A. and Ye, D. W. and Hu, Z. H. and
                      Zhang, Y. and Ding, R. and Wang, L. and Luo, G.-N.},
      title        = {{S}pectroscopic investigation of the tungsten deuteride
                      sputtering in the {EAST} divertor},
      journal      = {Nuclear materials and energy},
      volume       = {33},
      issn         = {2352-1791},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04019},
      pages        = {101265 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Physical sputtering caused by particle bombardment is
                      believed to be the main erosion mechanism of W materials in
                      fusion devices, in which W atoms are the sputtering
                      products. However, the tungsten deuteride molecule (WD)
                      spectra have been observed in both TEXTOR and ASDEX Upgrade,
                      which was believed to be the product of chemically assisted
                      physical sputtering (CAPS), a new sputtering mechanism that
                      has been proposed in recent years. In this paper, we report
                      the spectroscopic observation of WD molecules in the EAST W
                      divertor. The behaviors of WD molecules sputtering are
                      compared with W atoms sputtering via the spectral
                      measurements of the ro-vibrational band emission of WD 6Π
                      → 6Σ+ in the spectral range between 673 nm and 678 nm and
                      the WI line emission at 400.9 nm. The physical sputtering
                      characters and chemical sputtering characters of WD molecule
                      sputtering were confirmed in EAST. The measurements in EAST
                      showed that there is an energy threshold for WD molecules
                      sputtering and that the sputtering energy threshold of WD
                      molecules is smaller than that of W atoms. Furthermore, the
                      dependence of WD molecule sputtering efficiency (the
                      absolute WD photon flux (PhWD) normalized to the particle
                      flux (Γion) reaching the target with a constant Te) on
                      impact energy and heat flux were studied, presenting
                      significantly different behaviors compared with W atom
                      sputtering. In addition, it is found that the decrease of WD
                      sputtering efficiency with the heat flux is accompanied by
                      the rise of the photon flux of Dδ (410.06 nm) normalized to
                      the particle flux (Γion) at the divertor target, which may
                      imply the enhanced deuterium desorption at the W surface.
                      The further increase of heat flux hitting the target surface
                      could elevate the surface temperature and benefit the
                      deuterium release from the surface, which may influence the
                      formation of WD molecules at the surface layer.},
      cin          = {IEK-4 / IEK-9},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000877191400005},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.nme.2022.101265},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910646},
}