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@ARTICLE{Thien:910841,
      author       = {Thien, Tjark and Axelsen, Hendrik and Merten, Michael and
                      Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{E}nergy management of stationary hybrid battery energy
                      storage systems using the example of a real-world 5 {MW}
                      hybrid battery storage project in {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {51},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04191},
      pages        = {104257 -},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {Zudem unterstützt durch BMWi Grants: 03ESP265A (M5BAT)},
      abstract     = {Utility-scale Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are
                      becoming increasingly important for the transition to large
                      shares of renewable energy sources in the electricity grid.
                      Hybrid battery storage systems are an interesting option to
                      increase the profitability of BESS by combining low-cost
                      battery technologies with more expensive, but also more
                      efficient and robust ones. In theory, such a hybrid system
                      can be cheaper than a single-technology system by leveraging
                      synergy effects while still satisfying the requirements of a
                      given application. An energy management system, which
                      allocates the setpoint power of the BESS to the individual
                      battery technologies, is crucial for taking advantage of the
                      hybrid system layout. This paper details an analysis of
                      different energy management algorithms for hybrid BESS using
                      the example of a real-world project called M5BAT and
                      compares the latter to alternative BESS layouts. Besides two
                      heuristic algorithms, a non-predictive optimization and a
                      predictive optimization are developed. Models comprising the
                      electrical, thermal and aging behavior of the considered
                      BESS components are introduced. Simulations of the operation
                      of the BESS providing frequency containment reserve are
                      conducted for determining the operating costs. The
                      performance of the algorithms is evaluated based on the
                      simulation results. Comparing the results shows significant
                      differences in the operating costs between the algorithms,
                      especially when optimized to reduce operating costs. The
                      economic advantage of hybrid BESS is validated by additional
                      simulations of a virtual hybrid BESS and a virtual
                      single-technology BESS. Although the layout has not been
                      optimized in terms of individual sizing of the different
                      battery technologies, the hybrid BESS show a considerable
                      advantage over the single-technology BESS.},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122) / BMBF 03EI4034
                      - Einzelvorhaben: EMMUseBat - Entwicklung von Methoden für
                      den Multi-Use-Betrieb von modularen Batteriegroßspeichern
                      im Mittelspannungsnetz (BMBF-03EI4034)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223 / G:(DE-82)BMBF-03EI4034},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000780282700001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2022.104257},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910841},
}