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@ARTICLE{Figgener:910849,
      author       = {Figgener, Jan and Tepe, Benedikt and Rücker, Fabian and
                      Schoeneberger, Ilka and Hecht, Christopher and Jossen,
                      Andreas and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{T}he influence of frequency containment reserve
                      flexibilization on the economics of electric vehicle fleet
                      operation},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {53},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04199},
      pages        = {105138 -},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {Zudem unterstützt durch BMWK Projekt: “ALigN” (funding
                      number 01MZ18006G)},
      abstract     = {In recent years, the spot and ancillary service markets
                      have become a relevant source of revenue for stationary
                      battery storage systems. During this period, many markets
                      have become increasingly flexible with shorter service
                      periods and lower minimum power requirements. This
                      flexibility makes the markets attractive for pools of
                      electric vehicles (EVs), providing the opportunity to earn
                      additional revenue. In this paper, multi-year measurement
                      data from 22 commercial EVs are used to develop a simulation
                      model to calculate the available power of an EV pool. In
                      addition, the driving logbooks of >460 vehicles from
                      commercial fleets of 14 different economic sectors are
                      analyzed. Based on our simulations, we discuss the influence
                      of shorter service periods on available pool power and power
                      uncertainty. The key findings are that, especially at times
                      with a high pool power, the uncertainty is low. This leads
                      to the conclusion that commercial fleets offer a highly
                      reliable power profile during known idle times depending on
                      the economic sector. All investigated 14 sectors show high
                      and reliable power availability at night and most show this
                      availability also during weekends while others show a
                      regular driving pattern seven days a week. These results are
                      applicable to any energy market. To have a concrete use
                      case, the impact of frequency containment reserve (FCR)
                      flexibilization on the economics of an EV pool is analyzed
                      using the German FCR market design from 2008 to 2022. It is
                      shown that, depending on the fleet, especially the two
                      recent changes in service periods from one week to one day
                      and from one day to 4 h generate the largest increase in
                      available pool power. Further future reductions in FCR
                      service periods will only produce minor benefits, as idle
                      times are often already longer than service periods.
                      According to our analysis, revenues of about 450 €/a to
                      750 €/a could have been achieved per EV in the German FCR
                      market between mid-2020 and the first quarter of 2022.},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122) / 16SBS001C -
                      Gewerblich operierende Elektro-Kleinflotten GO ELK!
                      (16SBS001C)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223 / G:(BMVI)16SBS001C},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000831294700002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2022.105138},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910849},
}