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@ARTICLE{Hecht:910850,
      author       = {Hecht, Christopher and Figgener, Jan and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{S}imultaneity {F}actors of {P}ublic {E}lectric {V}ehicle
                      {C}harging {S}tations {B}ased on {R}eal-{W}orld {O}ccupation
                      {D}ata},
      journal      = {World electric vehicle journal},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {7},
      issn         = {2032-6653},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04200},
      pages        = {129},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Charging of electric vehicles may cause stress on the
                      electricity grid. Grid plannersneed clarity regarding likely
                      grid loading when creating extensions. In this paper, we
                      analyse thesimultaneity factor (SF) or peak power of public
                      electric vehicle charging stations with differentrecharging
                      strategies. This contribution is the first of its kind in
                      terms of data quantity and, therefore,representativeness. We
                      found that the choice of charging strategy had a massive
                      impact on theelectricity grid. The current “naive”
                      charging strategy of plugging in at full power and
                      recharginguntil the battery is full cause limited stress.
                      Price-optimised recharging strategies, in turn, createhigh
                      power peaks. The SFs varied by strategy, particularly when
                      using several connectors at once.Compared to the SF of a
                      single connector in naive charging, the SF decreased by
                      $approximately50\%$ for groups of 10 connectors. For a set
                      of 1000 connectors, the SF was between $10\%$ and
                      $20\%.Price-optimised$ strategies showed a much slower decay
                      where, in some cases, groups of 10 connectorsstill had an SF
                      of $100\%.$ For sets of 1000 connectors, the SF of
                      price-optimised strategies was twice thatof the naive
                      strategy. Overall, we found that price optimisation did not
                      reduce electricity purchasecosts by much, especially
                      compared to peak-related network expansion costs.},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {621.3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000835518100001},
      doi          = {10.3390/wevj13070129},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910850},
}