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000910851 1001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aJacqué, Kevin$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000910851 245__ $$aThe influence of frequency containment reserve on the efficiency of a hybrid stationary large-scale storage system
000910851 260__ $$aAmsterdam [u.a.]$$bElsevier$$c2022
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000910851 520__ $$aLarge-scale battery storage systems are predestined for balancing the fluctuating feed-in from renewable energiesand supporting the electricity grid due to their high efficiency. As a result, large-scale storage has gainedimportance in the market for frequency support reserve (FCR). While the first LSS projects had to be plannedwithout operational experience a couple of years ago, new LSS can benefit from the evaluation of measured fielddata. Especially the real-word efficiencies are key information for electricity procuring costs and arbitragetrading. To contribute filling this information gap, this paper investigates the efficiency of the hybrid LSS, itstransformers, its inverters, the individual battery technologies (two types of lead-acid and three types of lithiumionbatteries) and the influence of FCR provision on efficiency. High-resolution field measurements of the hybrid6 MW/7.5 MWh battery storage system “M5BAT” at the FCR market over several years serve as the basis. Thedata-based efficiency analysis reveals a high round-trip efficiency of 72.8% (with self-consumption: 66.2%) forthe LSS in operation. In this context, the lithium-ion batteries have a higher round-trip efficiency of 97.4% thanthe lead-acid batteries with 85%. Low load on the transformers and the inverters leads to an average powerweightedpower efficiency of less than 95%. The results presented can be used to model LSS and its varioussystem components and battery technologies in order to further analyse the participation in chosen energymarkets.
000910851 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223$$a1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)$$cPOF4-122$$fPOF IV$$x0
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000910851 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKoltermann, Lucas$$b1
000910851 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aFiggener, Jan$$b2
000910851 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aZurmühlen, Sebastian$$b3
000910851 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)172625$$aSauer, Dirk Uwe$$b4
000910851 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2826805-2$$a10.1016/j.est.2022.104961$$gVol. 52, p. 104961 -$$p104961$$tJournal of energy storage$$v52$$x2352-152X$$y2022
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