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@ARTICLE{Jacqu:910851,
      author       = {Jacqué, Kevin and Koltermann, Lucas and Figgener, Jan and
                      Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{T}he influence of frequency containment reserve on the
                      efficiency of a hybrid stationary large-scale storage
                      system},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {52},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04201},
      pages        = {104961},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Large-scale battery storage systems are predestined for
                      balancing the fluctuating feed-in from renewable energiesand
                      supporting the electricity grid due to their high
                      efficiency. As a result, large-scale storage has
                      gainedimportance in the market for frequency support reserve
                      (FCR). While the first LSS projects had to be plannedwithout
                      operational experience a couple of years ago, new LSS can
                      benefit from the evaluation of measured fielddata.
                      Especially the real-word efficiencies are key information
                      for electricity procuring costs and arbitragetrading. To
                      contribute filling this information gap, this paper
                      investigates the efficiency of the hybrid LSS,
                      itstransformers, its inverters, the individual battery
                      technologies (two types of lead-acid and three types of
                      lithiumionbatteries) and the influence of FCR provision on
                      efficiency. High-resolution field measurements of the
                      hybrid6 MW/7.5 MWh battery storage system “M5BAT” at the
                      FCR market over several years serve as the basis.
                      Thedata-based efficiency analysis reveals a high round-trip
                      efficiency of $72.8\%$ (with self-consumption: $66.2\%)$
                      forthe LSS in operation. In this context, the lithium-ion
                      batteries have a higher round-trip efficiency of $97.4\%$
                      thanthe lead-acid batteries with $85\%.$ Low load on the
                      transformers and the inverters leads to an average
                      powerweightedpower efficiency of less than $95\%.$ The
                      results presented can be used to model LSS and its
                      varioussystem components and battery technologies in order
                      to further analyse the participation in chosen
                      energymarkets.},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000836431500011},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2022.104961},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910851},
}