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@ARTICLE{Kleinekorte:911226,
      author       = {Kleinekorte, Johanna and Leitl, Matthias and Zibunas,
                      Christian and Bardow, André},
      title        = {{W}hat {S}hall {W}e {D}o with {S}teel {M}ill {O}ff-{G}as:
                      {P}olygeneration {S}ystems {M}inimizing {G}reenhouse {G}as
                      {E}missions},
      journal      = {Environmental science $\&$ technology},
      volume       = {56},
      number       = {18},
      issn         = {0013-936X},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04531},
      pages        = {13294 - 13304},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Both the global steel and chemical industries contribute
                      largely to industrial greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. For
                      both industries, GHG emissions are strongly related to the
                      consumption of fossil resources. While the chemical industry
                      often releases GHGs as direct process emissions, steel mills
                      globally produce 1.78 Gt of off-gases each year, which are
                      currently combusted for subsequent heat and electricity
                      generation. However, these steel mill off-gases consist of
                      high value compounds, which also can be utilized as
                      feedstock for chemical production and thereby reduce fossil
                      resource consumption and thus GHG emissions. In the present
                      work, we determine climate-optimal utilization pathways for
                      steel mill off-gases. We combine a nonlinear, disjunctive
                      model of the steel mill off-gas separation system with a
                      large-scale linear model of the chemical industry to perform
                      environmental optimization. The results show that the
                      climate-optimal utilization of steel mill off-gases depends
                      on electricity’s carbon footprint: For the current
                      electricity grid mix, methane, hydrogen, and synthesis gas
                      are recovered as feedstocks for conventional chemical
                      production and enable a methanol-based chemical industry.
                      For low electricity footprints in the future, the separation
                      of steel mill off-gases supports CO2-based production
                      processes in the chemical industry, supplying up to $30\%$
                      of the required CO2. By coupling the global steel and
                      chemical industry, industrial GHG emissions can be reduced
                      by up to 79 Mt CO2-equivalents per year. These reductions
                      provide up to $4.5\%$ additional GHG savings compared to a
                      stand-alone optimization of the two industries, showing a
                      limited potential for this industrial symbiosis.},
      cin          = {IEK-10},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF4-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {36032028},
      UT           = {WOS:000849807400001},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.est.2c02888},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/911226},
}