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@INPROCEEDINGS{Seyfried:911322,
      author       = {Seyfried, Armin and Adrian, Juliane and Boomers, Ann Katrin
                      and Paetzke, Sarah},
      title        = {{P}edestrian fundamental diagrams and continuity equation},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04614},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The relationship between density ρ flow J and velocity v
                      of pedestrian streams is of central importance for
                      describing the performance of facilities for pedestrian
                      traffic. For these relations the term fundamental diagram is
                      used, if they base on temporal or spatial averages J, v and
                      ρ gained by empirical measurements of a system in a steady
                      state. In manuals, standards and guidelines, the following
                      forms are used for representing the fundamental diagram:
                      averages v (ρ ), J (v ) and J (ρ ). For the comparison of
                      fundamental diagrams of systems of different widths and for
                      the transformation of these different representations, the
                      concept of the specific flow $J_s=$ J⁄b where b is the
                      width of the facility and the flow equation J= ρ∙v∙b
                      are used. It is assumed that the specific flow $J_s=ρ∙v$
                      is independent of the width of the facility.In this
                      contribution, the state of the art is summarized for
                      fundamental diagrams of unidirectional, bidirectional and
                      multidirectional flows. Most studies base on trajectories of
                      the head, enabling even microscopic measurements of the ρ,
                      J and v. The comparison of the data in the literature shows
                      that up to now there are inconsistencies and discrepancies
                      between different studies and measurement methods, in
                      particular at the congested branch of the fundamental
                      diagram, see Figure and [1,4]. Measurements of bidirectional
                      and multidirectional flows at high densities give
                      unexpectedly high flows and most studies do not indicate
                      that a standstill occurs due to a high density. In a
                      critical discussion it is analysed which problems arise from
                      an oversimplified use of the flow equation and how
                      measurements of ρ, J and v have to be performed to be in
                      consistency with the continuity equation.},
      month         = {Oct},
      date          = {2022-10-15},
      organization  = {Traffic and Granular Flow 2022, IIT
                       New Delhi (India), 15 Oct 2022 - 17 Oct
                       2022},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/911322},
}