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@ARTICLE{Ili:911778,
      author       = {Ilić, Marija and Haegel, Franz-Hubert and Lolić,
                      Aleksandar and Nedić, Zoran and Tosti, Tomislav and
                      Ignjatović, Ivana Sredović and Linden, Andreas and
                      Jablonowski, Nicolai D. and Hartmann, Heinrich},
      title        = {{S}urface functional groups and degree of carbonization of
                      selected chars from different processes and feedstock},
      journal      = {PLOS ONE},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {San Francisco, California, US},
      publisher    = {PLOS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05029},
      pages        = {e0277365 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The knowledge of the structural and chemical properties of
                      biochars is decisive for their application as technical
                      products. For this reason, methods for the characterization
                      of biochars that are generally applicable and allow quality
                      control are highly desired. Several methods that have shown
                      potential in other studies were used to investigate two
                      activated carbons and seven biochars from different
                      processes and feedstock. The chars were chosen to cover a
                      wide range of chemical composition and structuralproperties
                      as a hardness test for the analytical methods used in this
                      study. Specific problems connected with the pretreatment of
                      samples and drawbacks of somemethods for some types of chars
                      could be identified in an integrated consideration of the
                      results from different methods. None of the spectroscopic
                      methods was found to besuitable for the quality control of
                      all types of chars. The most valuable results were obtained
                      by chemical analysis that, however, required the complete
                      determination ofthe main elements, including that of oxygen,
                      and of inorganic components for adequate results. The
                      combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and
                      FT-IRspectroscopy allows a rough characterization of surface
                      functional groups, but cannot discriminate aliphatic and
                      aromatic OH groups. FT-IR might be a suitable method forthe
                      quality control of biochars made at lower temperature. The
                      results of Raman spectroscopy did not well correlate with
                      the amount of sp2 hybridized carbondetermined by XPS. A
                      better correlation of XPS data was found with the electrical
                      polarization determined by the method of spectral induced
                      polarization that was usedfor the first time in conjunction
                      with extensive analytical characterization.},
      cin          = {IBG-3 / IBG-2 / ZEA-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118 / I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-2-20101118 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {36395095},
      UT           = {WOS:000926013600066},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0277365},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/911778},
}