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@INPROCEEDINGS{Kin:911785,
      author       = {Kin, Li-Chung and Merdzhanova, Tsvetelina and Astakhov,
                      Oleksandr and Lee, Minoh and Haas, Stefan and Ding, Kaining
                      and Rau, Uwe},
      title        = {{B}attery storage to keep the artificial leaf running
                      during the night : {I}mplications and impact of direct
                      battery coupling to solar electrolysers},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05036},
      pages        = {A.10.8},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Solar based hydrogen power is promising as a renewable fuel
                      that can be generated anywhere there is sunshine and water.
                      Many attempts have been made to integrate a water
                      electrolyser and solar cell into one seamless package (a
                      so-called artificial leaf) to take advantage of the cooling
                      provided by the water to the solar cell, reduced losses from
                      the lack of wiring and the increased portability afforded by
                      an integrated unit 1. However, in literature, much less
                      attention is payed to the need for a minimum current across
                      the electrolyser under insufficient illumination to prevent
                      excessive catalyst degradation and dissolution2. Attaching
                      an appropriately sized, voltage matched battery to an
                      artificial leaf could address this need and in theory could
                      also increase efficiency of the setup across one diurnal
                      cycle. We experimentally show that this can be achieved
                      without any power electronics and, as is theorized, the
                      presence of the battery also has a positive effect on the
                      operation of the electrolyser and improves solar-to-hydrogen
                      efficiency by reducing the current density across the
                      electrolyser. A 7 cell silicon heterojunction module , two
                      bifunctional NiFeMo electrolysers in series and a commercial
                      Li-ion NMC battery were selected to provide the same amount
                      of solar output power despite different working voltages and
                      tested in a series of simulated diurnal cycles. The
                      increased average solar to hydrogen efficiency per cycle
                      $(11.4\%$ vs $10.5\%$ without the battery) is analyzed and
                      discussed with implications for future integrated artificial
                      leaf design and implementation. 1. M. Lee, B. Turan, J.-P.
                      Becker, K. Welter, B. Klingebiel, E. Neumann, Y. J. Sohn, T.
                      Merdzhanova, T. Kirchartz, F. Finger, U. Rau and S. Haas,
                      Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2020, 4, 2000070. 2. A. Weiß,
                      A. Siebel, M. Bernt, T. H. Shen, V. Tileli and H. A.
                      Gasteiger, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2019,
                      166, F487-F497.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2021-09-20},
      organization  = {European Matrials Research Society,
                       VIRTUAL Conference (VIRTUAL
                       Conference), 20 Sep 2021 - 23 Sep 2021},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {1213 - Cell Design and Development (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1213},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)8},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/911785},
}