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@ARTICLE{Unachukwu:912177,
      author       = {Unachukwu, Ifeanyichukwu D. and Vibhu, Vaibhav and Vinke,
                      Izaak C. and Eichel, Rüdiger-A. and de Haart, L. G. J.},
      title        = {{E}lectrochemical and degradation behaviour of single cells
                      comprising {N}i-{GDC} fuel electrode under high temperature
                      steam- and co-electrolysis conditions},
      journal      = {Journal of power sources},
      volume       = {556},
      issn         = {0378-7753},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05393},
      pages        = {232436},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {The present study investigates the electrochemical
                      performance and degradation behaviour of a Nickel - Gd2O3
                      doped CeO2 (Ni-GDC) electrode containing single cell under
                      steam electrolysis and co-electrolysis modes. The cell
                      consists of the Ni-GDC fuel electrode, an 8 $mol\%$ Y2O3
                      stabilized ZrO2 (8YSZ) electrolyte layer, a GDC barrier
                      layer and a (La,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3 (LSCF) oxygen electrode.
                      Firstly, the electrolyte-supported single cells were
                      fabricated and characterized using DC- and AC-techniques in
                      the 750–900 °C temperature range. Distribution of
                      relaxation times (DRT) analysis was employed to resolve
                      frequency-dependent electrode processes. The observed
                      processes were further modelled using an equivalent circuit
                      model (ECM) with 3 R//CPE (resistor//constant phase element)
                      in series with a finite length diffusion element (Warburg
                      short - Ws). Long-term stability tests of the single cells
                      were carried out under steam electrolysis (H2O:H2, 50:50)
                      and co-electrolysis (H2O:CO2:CO, 40:40:20) conditions at 900
                      °C with −0.5 A‧cm−2 current density for 500 h. Steam
                      electrolysis conditions exhibit the highest degradation rate
                      of 499 mV‧kh−1, while a lower degradation rate of 308
                      mV‧kh−1 is observed under co-electrolysis conditions.
                      The post-test analysis of the operated cell shows increased
                      Ni particles size, suggesting Ni agglomeration in both
                      electrolysis modes.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {1232 - Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000892216800003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232436},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/912177},
}