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@ARTICLE{Mishra:912478,
      author       = {Mishra, Manoj Kumar and Hoffmann, Lars and Thapliyal,
                      Pradeep Kumar},
      title        = {{I}nvestigations on the {G}lobal {S}pread of the {H}unga
                      {T}onga-{H}unga {H}a’apai {V}olcanic {E}ruption {U}sing
                      {S}pace-{B}ased {O}bservations and {L}agrangian {T}ransport
                      {S}imulations},
      journal      = {Atmosphere},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {2073-4433},
      address      = {Basel, Switzerland},
      publisher    = {MDPI AG},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05657},
      pages        = {2055},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {On 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH)
                      (175.38° W, 20.54° S) volcano erupted explosively. It is
                      considered the most explosive volcanic eruption during the
                      past 140 years. The HTHH volcanic eruption caused intense
                      ripples, Lamb waves, and gravity waves in the atmosphere
                      which encircled the globe several times, as reported by
                      different studies. In this study, using OMI, SAGE-III/ISS,
                      and CALIPSO satellite observations, we investigated the
                      spread of the volcanic SO2 cloud due to the HTHH eruption
                      and subsequent formation of sulfuric acid clouds in the
                      stratosphere. It took about 19–21 days for the
                      stratospheric SO2 injections of the HTHH to encircle the
                      globe longitudinally due to a dominant westward jet with
                      wind speeds of ~2500 km/day, and it slowly dispersed over
                      the whole globe within several months due to poleward
                      spread. The formation of sulfuric acid clouds intensified
                      after about a month, causing the more frequent occurrence of
                      high aerosol optical depth elevated layers in the
                      stratosphere at an altitude of about 20–26 km. This study
                      deals with the dynamics of volcanic plume spread in the
                      stratosphere, knowledge of which is essential in estimating
                      the accurate radiative effects caused by perturbations in
                      the earth–atmosphere system due to a volcanic eruption. In
                      addition, this knowledge provides important input for
                      studies related to the geo-engineering of the earth’s
                      atmosphere by injecting particulates and gases into the
                      stratosphere.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000902135400001},
      doi          = {10.3390/atmos13122055},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/912478},
}