% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Grabowska:912513,
      author       = {Grabowska, Martyna and Toth, Tibor I. and Büschges, Ansgar
                      and Daun, Silvia},
      title        = {{E}xistence of a {L}ong-{R}ange {C}audo-{R}ostral {S}ensory
                      {I}nfluence in {T}errestrial {L}ocomotion},
      journal      = {The journal of neuroscience},
      volume       = {42},
      number       = {24},
      issn         = {0270-6474},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05686},
      pages        = {4841-4851},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {In multisegmented locomotion, coordination of all
                      appendages is crucial for the generation of a proper motor
                      output. In running for example, leg coordination is mainly
                      based on the central interaction of rhythm generating
                      networks, called central pattern generators (CPGs). In
                      slower forms of locomotion, however, sensory feedback, which
                      originates from sensory organs that detect changes in
                      position, velocity and load of the legs' segments, has been
                      shown to play a more crucial role. How exactly sensory
                      feedback influences the activity of the CPGs to establish
                      functional neuronal connectivity is not yet fully
                      understood. Using the female stick insect Carausius morosus,
                      we show for the first time that a long-range caudo-rostral
                      sensory connection exists and highlight that load as sensory
                      signal is sufficient to entrain rhythmic motoneuron (MN)
                      activity in the most rostral segment. So far, mainly
                      rostro-caudal influencing pathways have been investigated
                      where the strength of activation, expressed by the MN
                      activity in the thoracic ganglia, decreases with the
                      distance from the stepping leg to these ganglia. Here, we
                      activated CPGs, producing rhythmic neuronal activity in the
                      thoracic ganglia by using the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine
                      and enforced the stepping of a single, remaining leg. This
                      enabled us to study sensory influences on the CPGs'
                      oscillatory activity. Using this approach, we show that, in
                      contrast to the distance-dependent activation of the
                      protractor-retractor CPGs in different thoracic ganglia,
                      there is no such dependence for the entrainment of the
                      rhythmic activity of active protractor-retractor CPG
                      networks by individual stepping legs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
                      We show for the first time that sensory information is
                      transferred not only to the immediate adjacent segmental
                      ganglia but also to those farther away, indicating the
                      existence of a long-range caudo-rostral sensory influence.
                      This influence is dependent on stepping direction but
                      independent of whether the leg is actively or passively
                      moved. We suggest that the sensory information comes from
                      unspecific load signals sensed by cuticle mechanoreceptors
                      (campaniform sensilla) of a leg. Our results provide a
                      neuronal basis for the long-established behavioral rules of
                      insect leg coordination. We thus provide a breakthrough in
                      understanding the neuronal networks underlying multilegged
                      locomotion and open new vistas into the neuronal functional
                      connectivity of multisegmented locomotion systems across the
                      animal kingdom.Keywords: CPG; entrainment; inter-segmental
                      coordination; locomotion; six-legged walking.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {5252 - Brain Dysfunction and Plasticity (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5252},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {35545434},
      UT           = {WOS:000817218600006},
      doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2290-20.2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/912513},
}