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@ARTICLE{Walter:912519,
      author       = {Walter, Helene Luise and Pikhovych, Anton and Endepols,
                      Heike and Rotthues, Steffen and Bärmann, Johannes and
                      Backes, Heiko and Hoehn, Mathias and Wiedermann, Dirk and
                      Neumaier, Bernd and Fink, Gereon Rudolf and Rueger, Maria
                      Adele and Schroeter, Michael},
      title        = {{T}ranscranial-{D}irect-{C}urrent-{S}timulation
                      {A}ccelerates {M}otor {R}ecovery {A}fter {C}ortical
                      {I}nfarction in {M}ice: {T}he {I}nterplay of {S}tructural
                      {C}ellular {R}esponses and {F}unctional {R}ecovery},
      journal      = {Neurorehabilitation and neural repair},
      volume       = {36},
      number       = {10-11},
      issn         = {0888-4390},
      address      = {Thousand Oaks, Calif.},
      publisher    = {Sage},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05692},
      pages        = {701 - 714},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {post print angefragt am 07.12. Kein Post-print vorhanden},
      abstract     = {Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
                      promotes recovery after stroke in humans. The underlying
                      mechanisms, however, remain to be elucidated. Animal models
                      suggest tDCS effects on neuroinflammation, stem cell
                      proliferation, neurogenesis, and neural
                      plasticity.Objective: In a longitudinal study, we employed
                      tDCS in the subacute and chronic phase after experimental
                      focal cerebral ischemia in mice to explore the relationship
                      between functional recovery and cellular processes.Methods:
                      Mice received photothrombosis in the right motor cortex,
                      verified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A composite
                      neuroscore quantified subsequent functional deficits. Mice
                      received tDCS daily: either 5 sessions from day 5 to 9, or
                      10 sessions with days 12 to 16 in addition. TDCS with anodal
                      or cathodal polarity was compared to sham stimulation.
                      Further imaging to assess proliferation and
                      neuroinflammation was performed by immunohistochemistry at
                      different time points and Positron Emission Tomography at
                      the end of the observation time of 3 weeks.Results: Cathodal
                      tDCS at 198 kC/m<sup>2</sup> (220 A/m<sup>2</sup>) between
                      days 5 and 9 accelerated functional recovery, increased
                      neurogenesis, decreased microglial activation, and mitigated
                      CD16/32-expression associated with M1-phenotype. Anodal tDCS
                      exerted similar effects on neurogenesis and microglial
                      polarization but not on recovery of function or microglial
                      activation. TDCS on days 12 to 16 after stroke did not
                      induce any further effects, suggesting that the therapeutic
                      time window was closed by then.Conclusion: Overall, data
                      suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation by tDCS impacts
                      neurogenesis and microglial activation as critical cellular
                      processes influencing functional recovery during the early
                      phase of regeneration from focal cerebral ischemia.Keywords:
                      experimental stroke; functional recovery; microglia;
                      photothrombosis; tDCS.},
      cin          = {INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {5251 - Multilevel Brain Organization and Variability
                      (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5251},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {36124996},
      UT           = {WOS:000857964900001},
      doi          = {10.1177/15459683221124116},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/912519},
}