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@INPROCEEDINGS{Koroma:916037,
      author       = {Koroma, Matthieu and Raimondo, Federico and Boulakis,
                      Paradeisios and Strauss, Mélanie and Demertzi, Athina},
      title        = {{C}ardiac responses to auditory deviants track variations
                      of hierarchical perceptual processing during sleep{E}uropean
                      {S}leep {R}esearch {S}ociety},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05883},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Embodied cognition proposes that visceral inputs play a
                      fundamental role in perceptual processing. The evidence
                      showing that variations in arousal can be tracked by
                      modulations of cardiac responses to violations of
                      hierarchical auditory expectations have come so far from
                      pathological low arousal states (Raimondo et al., 2017). We
                      study this question during sleep by investigating cardiac
                      responses to auditory deviants in a local-global paradigm -
                      a modified version of the classic oddball. Methods: We
                      re-analyzed a dataset of 23 healthy adults who heard the
                      local-global paradigm while having a morning nap (Strauss et
                      al., 2015). We tested cardiac modulations after auditory
                      deviants by comparing the time difference between the R-peak
                      of the heartbeat before and after the onset of auditory
                      deviants according to previous methodology (Raimondo et al.,
                      2017). Results: We found differences in cardiac responses
                      before and after the onset of deviants depending on the
                      hierarchical level of prediction and arousal state (3-way
                      repeated measures ANOVA, triple interaction: F(3,196)=3.92,
                      p=0.010). We replicated previous findings that no cardiac
                      modulations are observed after auditory deviants in wakeful
                      subjects (Student’s t-test for local: t(21)=-0.19,
                      p=0.848, global: t(21)=1.93, p=0.134; corrected for multiple
                      comparisons) (Raimondo et al., 2017). No modulations of
                      cardiac responses were also observed in deep NREM sleep
                      (local: t(5)=0.59, p=0.578, global: t(5)=-1.18, p=0.578;
                      corrected for multiple comparisons). However, an
                      acceleration of the heartbeat was found in light NREM and
                      REM sleep after local deviants (light NREM: t(15)=-3.67,
                      p=0.004, REM: t(8)=-2.51, p=0.036; corrected for multiple
                      comparisons), but not after global deviants (NREM:
                      t(15)=1.26, p=0.735, REM: t(8)=1.26, p=0.488; corrected for
                      multiple comparisons). Conclusions: Cardiac modulations to
                      violations of auditory expectations during sleep are
                      consistent with observations at the cerebral level that show
                      a preservation of low-level hierarchical predictions but an
                      absence of high-level hierarchical expectations in the light
                      NREM sleep and REM sleep stages (Strauss et al., 2015). Our
                      results thus confirm that cardiac modulations can track the
                      variations of hierarchical perceptual processing during
                      sleep. Codes and dataframes for statistical analyses can be
                      accessed here:
                      $https://gitlab.uliege.be/Matthieu.Koroma/sleep_localglobal$
                      Dr. Mélanie Strauss and Dr. Athena Demertzi are co-last
                      authors.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2022-09-26},
      organization  = {26th Congress of the European Sleep
                       Research Society, Athen (Greece), 26
                       Sep 2022 - 30 Sep 2022},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {INM-7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-7-20090406},
      pnm          = {5252 - Brain Dysfunction and Plasticity (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5252},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916037},
}