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@ARTICLE{Brogi:916092,
      author       = {Brogi, Cosimo and Bogena, Heye and Köhli, Markus and
                      Huisman, Johan Alexander and Hendricks-Franssen, Harrie-Jan
                      and Dombrowski, Olga},
      title        = {{F}easibility of irrigation monitoring with cosmic-ray
                      neutron sensors},
      journal      = {Geoscientific instrumentation, methods and data systems},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {2193-0856},
      address      = {Göttingen},
      publisher    = {Copernicus Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05932},
      pages        = {451 - 469},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Accurate soil moisture (SM) monitoring is key in irrigation
                      as it can greatly improve water use efficiency. Recently,
                      cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNSs) have been recognized as a
                      promising tool in SM monitoring due to their large footprint
                      of several hectares. CRNSs also have great potential for
                      irrigation applications, but few studies have investigated
                      whether irrigation monitoring with CRNSs is feasible,
                      especially for irrigated fields with a size smaller than the
                      CRNS footprint. Therefore, the aim of this study is to use
                      Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the feasibility of
                      monitoring irrigation with CRNSs. This was achieved by
                      simulating irrigation scenarios with different field
                      dimensions (from 0.5 to 8 ha) and SM variations between
                      0.05 and 0.50 cm3 cm−3. Moreover, the energy-dependent
                      response functions of eight moderators with different
                      high-density polyethylene (HDPE) thickness or additional
                      gadolinium thermal shielding were investigated. It was found
                      that a considerable part of the neutrons that contribute to
                      the CRNS footprint can originate outside an irrigated field,
                      which is a challenge for irrigation monitoring with CRNSs.
                      The use of thin HDPE moderators (e.g. 5 mm) generally
                      resulted in a smaller footprint and thus stronger
                      contributions from the irrigated area. However, a thicker
                      25 mm HDPE moderator with gadolinium shielding improved SM
                      monitoring in irrigated fields due to a higher sensitivity
                      of neutron counts with changing SM. This moderator and
                      shielding set-up provided the highest chance of detecting
                      irrigation events, especially when the initial SM was
                      relatively low. However, variations in SM outside a 0.5 or
                      1 ha irrigated field (e.g. due to irrigation of
                      neighbouring fields) can affect the count rate more than SM
                      variations due to irrigation. This suggests the importance
                      of retrieving SM data from the surrounding of a target field
                      to obtain more meaningful information for supporting
                      irrigation management, especially for small irrigated
                      fields.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000898860000001},
      doi          = {10.5194/gi-11-451-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916092},
}