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@ARTICLE{Beermann:917446,
      author       = {Beermann, Mira and Sieben, Anna},
      title        = {{W}aiting {B}ehavior and {A}rousal in {D}ifferent {L}evels
                      of {C}rowd {D}ensity: {A} {P}sychological {E}xperiment with
                      a “{T}iny {B}ox”},
      journal      = {Journal of advanced transportation},
      volume       = {2022},
      issn         = {0197-6729},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Hindawi},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-00660},
      pages        = {1-14},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Crowd density, defined as persons per square meter, is a
                      basic measuring unit for describing and analyzing crowd
                      dynamics and for planning pedestrian infrastructure.
                      However, little is known about the relationship between
                      crowd density and psychological stress and well-being. This
                      study uses an experimental approach to determine whether
                      higher crowd densities result in higher levels of stress in
                      participants. In this experiment, which was a case study at
                      the university, participants (N = 29) wait in a wooden
                      box of 1 m2 for three minutes. Two, four, six, or eight
                      participants are present simultaneously in the box. It is
                      varied whether participants are supposed to remain silent or
                      to speak with each other. Stress is conceptualized as
                      arousal and measured as skin conductance level/electrodermal
                      activity (EDA). A questionnaire is administered after the
                      experiment, and the positioning of participants in the box
                      is videotaped. The results show that the correlation between
                      crowd density and physiological arousal is more complex than
                      expected. The specific social situation in the box appears
                      to play a more important role than merely the number of
                      people waiting there. Furthermore, our data indicate a
                      temporal trend: participants seem to adapt to the crowd
                      density in the box. Video data analysis reveals that
                      participants choose their positioning and orientation in the
                      box carefully, but that this social choreography works less
                      smoothly in higher densities. This study shows promising
                      results for using EDA as a measurement of arousal in the
                      context of crowd research. However, the limitations of this
                      method and the experiments conducted are also discussed in
                      detail to further improve this approach.},
      cin          = {IAS-7},
      ddc          = {380},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-7-20180321},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000804161100002},
      doi          = {10.1155/2022/7245301},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/917446},
}