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@PHDTHESIS{Kirchartz:9378,
      author       = {Kirchartz, Thomas},
      title        = {{G}eneralized detailed balance theory of solar cells},
      volume       = {38},
      issn         = {1866-1793},
      school       = {RWTH Aachen},
      type         = {Dr. (Univ.)},
      address      = {Jülich},
      publisher    = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek,Verlag},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-9378},
      isbn         = {978-3-89336-573-9},
      series       = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich : Energie $\&$
                      Umwelt / Energy $\&$ Environment},
      pages        = {IV, 198 S.},
      year         = {2009},
      note         = {Record converted from VDB: 12.11.2012; Aachen, RWTH, Diss.,
                      2009},
      abstract     = {The principle of detailed balance is the requirement that
                      every microscopic process in a system must be in equilibrium
                      with its inverse process, when the system itself is in
                      thermodynamic equilibrium. This detailed balance principle
                      has been of special importance for photovoltaics, since it
                      allows the calculation of the limiting efficiency of a given
                      solar cell by defining the only fundamental loss process as
                      the radiative recombination of electron/hole pairs followed
                      by the emission of a photon. In equilibrium, i.e. in the
                      dark and without applied voltage, the absorbed and emitted
                      photon flux must be equal due to detailed balance. This
                      equality determines the radiative recombination from
                      absorption and vice versa. While the classical theory of
                      photovoltaic efficiency limits by Shockley and Queisser
                      considers only one detailed balance pair, namely
                      photogeneration and radiative recombination, the present
                      work extends the detailed balance principle to any given
                      process in the solar cell. Applying the detailed balance
                      principle to the whole device leads to two major results,
                      namely (i) a model that is compatible with the
                      Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit for efficient particle
                      transport, while still being able to describe non-ideal and
                      non-linear solar cells, and (ii) an analytical relation
                      between electroluminescent emission and photovoltaic action
                      of a diode that is applied to a variety of different solar
                      cells. This thesis presents several variations of a detailed
                      balance model that are applicable to different types of
                      solar cells. Any typical inorganic solar cell is a mainly
                      bipolar device, meaning that the current is carried by
                      electrons and holes. The detailed balance model for pn-type
                      and pin-type bipolar solar cells is therefore the most basic
                      incorporation of a detailed balance model. The only addition
                      compared to the classical diode theory or compared to
                      standard one-dimensional device simulators is the
                      incorporation of photon recycling, making the model
                      compatible with the Shockley-Queisser limit and the
                      classical diode theory. For organic solar [...]},
      cin          = {IEF-5},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)VDB813},
      pnm          = {Erneuerbare Energien},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK401},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)11 / PUB:(DE-HGF)3},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9378},
}