% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Vadas:943409,
      author       = {Vadas, Sharon L. and Becker, Erich and Bossert, Katrina and
                      Baumgarten, Gerd and Hoffmann, Lars and Harvey, V. Lynn},
      title        = {{S}econdary {G}ravity {W}aves {F}rom the {S}tratospheric
                      {P}olar {V}ortex {O}ver {ALOMAR} {O}bservatory on 12–14
                      {J}anuary 2016: {O}bservations and {M}odeling},
      journal      = {JGR / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {128},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-00995},
      pages        = {e2022JD036985},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {We analyze the gravity waves (GWs) observed by a Rayleigh
                      lidar at the Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere
                      Research (ALOMAR) (16.08°E, 69.38°N) in Norway at z ∼
                      20–85 km on 12–14 January 2016. These GWs propagate
                      upward and downward away from zknee = 57 and 64 km at a
                      horizontally-displaced location with periods τr ∼ 5–10
                      hr and vertical wavelengths λz ∼ 9–20 km. Because the
                      hodographs are distorted, we introduce an alternative method
                      to determine the GW parameters. We find that these GWs are
                      medium to large-scale, and propagate north/northwestward
                      with intrinsic horizontal phase speeds of ∼35–65 m/s.
                      Since the GW parameters are similar above and below zknee,
                      these are secondary GWs created by local body forces (LBFs)
                      south/southeast of ALOMAR. We use the nudged HIAMCM (HIgh
                      Altitude Mechanistic general Circulation Model) to model
                      these events. Remarkably, the model reproduces similar GW
                      structures over ALOMAR, with zknee = 58 and 66 km. The event
                      #1 GWs are created by a LBF at ∼35°E, ∼60°N, and z ∼
                      58 km. This LBF is created by the breaking and dissipation
                      of primary GWs generated and amplified by the imbalance of
                      the polar night jet below the wind maximum; the primary GWs
                      for this event are created at z ∼ 25–35 km at
                      49–53°N. We also find that the HIAMCM GWs agree well with
                      those observed by the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS)
                      satellite, and that those AIRS GWs south and north of
                      ∼50°N over Europe are mainly mountain waves and GWs from
                      the polar vortex, respectively.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000938835500012},
      doi          = {10.1029/2022JD036985},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/943409},
}