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@ARTICLE{Hoffmann:9730,
      author       = {Hoffmann, L. and Alexander, M.J.},
      title        = {{O}ccurrence {F}requency of {C}onvective {G}ravity {W}aves
                      during the {N}orth {A}merican {T}hunderstorm {S}eason},
      journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research},
      volume       = {115},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {Union},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-9730},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {Support for this work was provided by the NASA program
                      Earth System Science Research using Data and Products from
                      TERRA, AQUA, and ACRIM Satellites, contract NNH06ZDA001N
                      06-EOS/06-0203 and NSF Physical and Dynamical Meteorology
                      Program 0632378. We thank Manfred Ern and Peter Preusse,
                      both at Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany, for suggestions
                      and comments related to this study. We thank Duy-Viet Do,
                      Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany, for technical support.},
      abstract     = {Convective gravity waves are an important driver of the
                      equator-to-pole circulation in the stratospheric summer
                      hemisphere, but their nature is not well known. Previous
                      studies showing tight relationships between deep convection
                      and convective waves mainly focus on tropical latitudes. For
                      midlatitudes most analyses are based on case studies. Here
                      we present a new multiyear occurrence frequency analysis of
                      convective waves at midlatitudes. The study is based on
                      radiance measurements made by the Atmospheric Infrared
                      Sounder (AIRS) satellite experiment during the North
                      American thunderstorm season, May to August, in the years
                      2003-2008. For this study we optimized an existing algorithm
                      to detect deep convection in AIRS data to be applicable at
                      midlatitudes. We also present a new detection algorithm for
                      gravity waves in AIRS data based on a variance filter
                      approach for 4.3 mu m brightness temperatures. The new
                      algorithm can detect plane wave perturbations in the
                      altitude range from 20 to 65 km with vertical wavelengths
                      larger than 15 km and horizontal wavelengths from 50 to 1000
                      km. By analyzing spatial and temporal correlations of the
                      individual AIRS observations, it can be shown that more than
                      $95\%$ of the observed gravity waves in a core region over
                      the North American Great Plains are related to deep
                      convective clouds, i.e., are likely being classified
                      appropriately as convective waves. We conclude that the core
                      region is a good location to observe and characterize the
                      properties of convective waves at midlatitudes. The
                      statistical analyses presented here are also valuable to
                      validate parameterization schemes for convective gravity
                      waves. For completeness, it should be mentioned that our
                      analyses cover not only the U. S. Midwest but the North
                      American continent as well as the surrounding ocean regions
                      in general. Our analysis also reveals interesting details
                      about tropical convection and related gravity wave activity,
                      as well as the capability of the AIRS instrument to observe
                      these.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000283546500007},
      doi          = {10.1029/2010JD014401},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9730},
}