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@ARTICLE{Alexander:9774,
      author       = {Alexander, M.J. and Geller, M. and McLandress, C. and
                      Polavarapu, S. and Preusse, P. and Sassi, F. and Sato, K.
                      and Eckermann, S.D. and Ern, M. and Hertzog, A. and
                      Kawatani, Y. and Pulido, M. and Shaw, T. and Sigmond, M. and
                      Vincent, R. and Watanabe, S.},
      title        = {{R}ecent developments in gravity wave effects in climate
                      models and the global distribution of gravity wave momentum
                      flux from observations and models},
      journal      = {Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society},
      volume       = {136},
      issn         = {0035-9009},
      address      = {Weinheim [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-9774},
      pages        = {1103 - 1124},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {This work is part of an ongoing activity within the World
                      Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) Stratospheric Processes
                      and their Role in Climate (SPARC) project. The authors thank
                      the SPARC International Project Office for its help with
                      organizing and facilitating the workshop where this
                      manuscript was initiated. Additional support for MJA came
                      from NASA's Earth Science Mission Directorate (contract
                      #NNH08CD37C) and the National Science Foundation's Physical
                      and Dynamic Meteorology Program (Award #0632378), and for
                      SDE and MJA from NASA contract #NNH08AE431.},
      abstract     = {Recent observational and theoretical studies of the global
                      properties of small-scale atmospheric gravity waves have
                      highlighted the global effects of these waves on the
                      circulation from the surface to the middle atmosphere. The
                      effects of gravity waves on the large-scale circulation have
                      long been treated via parametrizations in both climate and
                      weather-forecasting applications. In these parametrizations,
                      key parameters describe the global distributions of
                      gravity-wave momentum flux, wavelengths and frequencies.
                      Until recently, global observations could not define the
                      required parameters because the waves are small in scale and
                      intermittent in occurrence. Recent satellite and other
                      global datasets with improved resolution, along with
                      innovative analysis methods, are now providing constraints
                      for the parametrizations that can improve the treatment of
                      these waves in climate-prediction models. Research using
                      very-high-resolution global models has also recently
                      demonstrated the capability to resolve gravity waves and
                      their circulation effects, and when tested against
                      observations these models show some very realistic
                      properties. Here we review recent studies on gravity-wave
                      effects in stratosphere-resolving climate models, recent
                      observations and analysis methods that reveal global
                      patterns in gravity-wave momentum fluxes and results of
                      very-high-resolution model studies, and we outline some
                      future research requirements to improve the treatment of
                      these waves in climate simulations. Copyright (C) 2010 Royal
                      Meteorological Society and Crown in the right of Canada},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000281403100001},
      doi          = {10.1002/qj.637},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9774},
}