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@ARTICLE{Orr:9775,
      author       = {Orr, A. and Bechtold, P. and Scinocca, J. and Ern, M. and
                      Janiskova, M.},
      title        = {{I}mproved middle atmosphere climate and forecasts in the
                      {ECMWF} model through a non-orographic gravity wave drag
                      parametrization},
      journal      = {Journal of climate},
      volume       = {23},
      issn         = {0894-8755},
      address      = {Boston, Mass. [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {AMS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-9775},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {The authors thank the three anonymous reviewers who
                      provided valuable comments that led to improvements in the
                      final version of this paper. The authors are also grateful
                      to T. Jung for providing code and help to analyze the EP
                      flux and its divergence. Much assistance from T.
                      Bracegirdle, F. Ii, S. Lamy-Thepaut, and T. Phillips with
                      producing the figures is also acknowledged. D. Dee, T.
                      McNally, T. Stockdale, and A. Untch also provided helpful
                      information. Finally, this work has been supported by COST
                      Action ES0905.},
      abstract     = {In model cycle 35r3 (Cy35r3) of the ECMWF Integrated
                      Forecast System (IFS), the momentum deposition from
                      small-scale nonorographic gravity waves is parameterized by
                      the Scinocca scheme, which uses hydrostatic nonrotational
                      wave dynamics to describe the vertical evolution of a broad,
                      constant, and isotropic spectrum of gravity waves emanating
                      from the troposphere. The Cy35r3 middle atmosphere climate
                      shows the following: (i) an improved representation of the
                      zonal-mean circulation and temperature structure; (ii) a
                      realistic parameterized gravity wave drag; (iii) a
                      reasonable stationary planetary wave structure and
                      stationary wave driving in July and an underestimate of the
                      generation of stationary wave activity in the troposphere
                      and stationary wave driving in January; (iv) an improved
                      representation of the tropical variability of the
                      stratospheric circulation, although the westerly phase of
                      the semiannual oscillation is missing; and (v) a realistic
                      horizontal distribution of momentum flux in the
                      stratosphere. By contrast, the middle atmosphere climate is
                      much too close to radiative equilibrium when the Scinocca
                      scheme is replaced by Rayleigh friction, which was the
                      standard method of parameterizing the effects of
                      nonorographic gravity waves in the IFS prior to Cy35r3.
                      Finally, there is a reduction in Cy35r3 short-range
                      high-resolution forecast error in the upper stratosphere.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {Atmosphäre und Klima},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK491},
      shelfmark    = {Meteorology $\&$ Atmospheric Sciences},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000285227600001},
      doi          = {10.1175/2010JCLI3490.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9775},
}